feat(web): localize and redesign operations console

apps/web/src/instances/automation-module.test.tsx

@@ -44,18 +44,16 @@ describe('isolated Automation read module', () => {
   it('loads through the injected exact-owner source and renders only aggregate task status', async () => {
     const pending = deferredSource();
     render(<AutomationModule instance={owner} dataSource={pending.source} />);
-    expect(screen.getByRole('status', { name: 'Automation loading status' })).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.getByRole('status', { name: '自动化加载状态' })).toBeTruthy();
     expect(pending.load).toHaveBeenCalledWith('alpha', expect.any(AbortSignal));
     pending.resolve(snapshot);
 
-    const counts = await screen.findByRole('region', { name: 'Task counts' });
+    const counts = await screen.findByRole('region', { name: '任务计数' });
     expect(within(counts).getByText('12')).toBeTruthy();
     expect(within(counts).getByText('9')).toBeTruthy();
-    expect(screen.getByRole('region', { name: 'Automation status' }).textContent).toContain(
-      'healthy',
-    );
-    expect(screen.queryByRole('region', { name: 'Safe labels' })).toBeNull();
-    expect(screen.getByText(/Observed 2026-07-17T13:00:00Z/)).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.getByRole('region', { name: '自动化状态' }).textContent).toContain('正常');
+    expect(screen.queryByRole('region', { name: '安全标签' })).toBeNull();
+    expect(screen.getByText(/观测时间：2026-07-17T13:00:00Z/)).toBeTruthy();
   });
 
   it('omits labels and never exposes task config, endpoints, tokens, phones, messages, payloads, logs, or operations', async () => {
@@ -72,12 +70,12 @@ describe('isolated Automation read module', () => {
       labels: ['Daily jobs'],
     };
     render(<AutomationModule instance={owner} dataSource={{ load: async () => unsafe }} />);
-    expect(await screen.findByText(/read-only aggregate view/i)).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(await screen.findByText(/只读汇总视图/i)).toBeTruthy();
     expect(document.body.textContent).not.toMatch(
       /Daily jobs|secret\.example|secret-token|555|private message|private payload|private raw log|cron config|execute|nested-token|nested-message/i,
     );
     expect(screen.queryByRole('button')).toBeNull();
-    expect(screen.getByText(/read-only aggregate view/i)).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.getByText(/只读汇总视图/i)).toBeTruthy();
   });
 
   it('copies and bounds enums, counts, and timestamps while dropping all labels', async () => {
@@ -102,13 +100,13 @@ describe('isolated Automation read module', () => {
       ],
     };
     render(<AutomationModule instance={owner} dataSource={{ load: async () => unsafe }} />);
-    await screen.findByRole('region', { name: 'Task counts' });
-    expect(within(screen.getByRole('region', { name: 'Task counts' })).getByText('2')).toBeTruthy();
-    expect(within(screen.getByRole('region', { name: 'Task counts' })).getByText('3')).toBeTruthy();
+    await screen.findByRole('region', { name: '任务计数' });
+    expect(within(screen.getByRole('region', { name: '任务计数' })).getByText('2')).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(within(screen.getByRole('region', { name: '任务计数' })).getByText('3')).toBeTruthy();
     expect(document.body.textContent).not.toMatch(
       /scheduler-token|state-secret|scheduler-secret|worker-secret|Safe [1-9]|script|Infinity|1\.5|-1/,
     );
-    expect(screen.queryByText(/^Observed /)).toBeNull();
+    expect(screen.queryByText(/^观测时间：/)).toBeNull();
     unsafe.labels[0] = 'Mutated';
     unsafe.tasks.disabled = 99;
     expect(screen.queryByText('Mutated')).toBeNull();
@@ -123,12 +121,12 @@ describe('isolated Automation read module', () => {
         dataSource={{ load }}
       />,
     );
-    expect(screen.getByRole('alert').textContent).toMatch(/authentication is required/i);
+    expect(screen.getByRole('alert').textContent).toMatch(/需要先完成认证/i);
     expect(load).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
 
     rerender(<AutomationModule instance={owner} />);
-    expect(screen.getByRole('status', { name: 'Automation unavailable' }).textContent).toMatch(
-      /no safe Automation read data source.*will not invent.*production endpoint/i,
+    expect(screen.getByRole('status', { name: '自动化不可用' }).textContent).toMatch(
+      /没有可用的安全自动化只读数据源.*不会臆造.*生产端点/i,
     );
   });
 
@@ -143,19 +141,17 @@ describe('isolated Automation read module', () => {
     const { rerender } = render(
       <AutomationModule instance={owner} dataSource={source} refreshSignal={0} />,
     );
-    const counts = await screen.findByRole('region', { name: 'Task counts' });
+    const counts = await screen.findByRole('region', { name: '任务计数' });
     expect(within(counts).getByText('12')).toBeTruthy();
     rerender(<AutomationModule instance={owner} dataSource={source} refreshSignal={1} />);
 
     const alert = await screen.findByRole('alert');
-    expect(alert.textContent).toMatch(/showing the last known Automation data/i);
+    expect(alert.textContent).toMatch(/正在显示上次已知的自动化数据/i);
     expect(alert.textContent).not.toMatch(/secret endpoint token/i);
+    expect(within(screen.getByRole('region', { name: '任务计数' })).getByText('12')).toBeTruthy();
+    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '重试加载自动化' }));
     expect(
-      within(screen.getByRole('region', { name: 'Task counts' })).getByText('12'),
-    ).toBeTruthy();
-    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Retry loading Automation' }));
-    expect(
-      await within(screen.getByRole('region', { name: 'Task counts' })).findByText('13'),
+      await within(screen.getByRole('region', { name: '任务计数' })).findByText('13'),
     ).toBeTruthy();
   });
 
@@ -190,7 +186,7 @@ describe('isolated Automation read module', () => {
       />,
     );
     const alert = await screen.findByRole('alert');
-    expect(alert.textContent).toContain('Automation data could not be loaded.');
+    expect(alert.textContent).toContain('无法加载自动化数据。');
     expect(alert.textContent).not.toContain('private automation token');
   });
 });

apps/web/src/instances/automation-module.tsx

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { useEffect, useRef, useState, type ReactNode } from 'react';
 
 import type { InstanceContext } from '../app-shell.js';
+import { displayValue } from '../ui/locale.js';
 
 /** Aggregate task counts only; per-task records and configuration are intentionally unsupported. */
 export interface AutomationTaskCounts {
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ type ReadState =
   | { kind: 'ready'; ownerId: string; snapshot: AutomationSnapshot }
   | { kind: 'error'; ownerId: string; snapshot?: AutomationSnapshot };
 
-const SAFE_LOAD_ERROR = 'Automation data could not be loaded.';
+const SAFE_LOAD_ERROR = '无法加载自动化数据。';
 const STATES = new Set<AutomationState>(['healthy', 'degraded', 'failed', 'disabled', 'unknown']);
 const SCHEDULERS = new Set<AutomationScheduler>([
   'active',
@@ -138,13 +139,13 @@ function Fields({
   values: readonly (readonly [string, string | number | null | undefined])[];
 }) {
   const supplied = values.filter(([, value]) => value !== undefined);
-  if (!supplied.length) return <p>No aggregate status was supplied.</p>;
+  if (!supplied.length) return <p>未提供汇总状态。</p>;
   return (
     <dl>
       {supplied.map(([label, value]) => (
         <div key={label}>
           <dt>{label}</dt>
-          <dd>{value == null ? 'Unavailable' : String(value)}</dd>
+          <dd>{displayValue(value)}</dd>
         </div>
       ))}
     </dl>
@@ -156,28 +157,28 @@ function SnapshotView({ snapshot }: { snapshot: AutomationSnapshot }) {
   const tasks = snapshot.tasks;
   return (
     <>
-      {snapshot.observedAt ? <p>Observed {snapshot.observedAt}</p> : null}
-      <p>Read-only aggregate view; task details and operational controls are excluded.</p>
+      {snapshot.observedAt ? <p>观测时间：{snapshot.observedAt}</p> : null}
+      <p>此处仅显示只读汇总视图，不包含任务详情和操作控件。</p>
       <div className="automation-grid">
-        <Section label="Automation status">
+        <Section label="自动化状态">
           <Fields
             values={[
-              ['State', status.state],
-              ['Scheduler', status.scheduler],
-              ['Workers', status.workers],
+              ['状态', status.state],
+              ['调度器', status.scheduler],
+              ['工作进程', status.workers],
             ]}
           />
         </Section>
-        <Section label="Task counts">
+        <Section label="任务计数">
           <Fields
             values={[
-              ['Total', tasks.total],
-              ['Enabled', tasks.enabled],
-              ['Disabled', tasks.disabled],
-              ['Running', tasks.running],
-              ['Queued', tasks.queued],
-              ['Succeeded', tasks.succeeded],
-              ['Failed', tasks.failed],
+              ['总计', tasks.total],
+              ['已启用', tasks.enabled],
+              ['已禁用', tasks.disabled],
+              ['运行中', tasks.running],
+              ['排队中', tasks.queued],
+              ['成功', tasks.succeeded],
+              ['失败', tasks.failed],
             ]}
           />
         </Section>
@@ -238,15 +239,14 @@ export function AutomationModule({ instance, dataSource, refreshSignal }: Automa
   if (instance.authentication !== 'authenticated')
     return (
       <div className="state-panel state-error" role="alert">
-        Authentication is required before Automation data can be read for this instance.
+        需要先完成认证，才能读取自动化数据。
       </div>
     );
 
   if (!dataSource)
     return (
-      <div className="state-panel" role="status" aria-label="Automation unavailable">
-        No safe Automation read data source is available. This console will not invent or call an
-        uncontracted production endpoint.
+      <div className="state-panel" role="status" aria-label="自动化不可用">
+        没有可用的安全自动化只读数据源。此控制台不会臆造或调用未签订契约的生产端点。
       </div>
     );
 
@@ -256,17 +256,17 @@ export function AutomationModule({ instance, dataSource, refreshSignal }: Automa
       : undefined;
   if ((state.kind === 'idle' || state.kind === 'loading') && !retained)
     return (
-      <p role="status" aria-label="Automation loading status">
-        Loading Automation…
+      <p role="status" aria-label="自动化加载状态">
+        正在加载自动化数据…
       </p>
     );
 
   if (state.kind === 'error' && !retained)
     return (
       <div className="state-panel state-error" role="alert">
-        <p>Unable to load Automation: {SAFE_LOAD_ERROR}</p>
+        <p>{SAFE_LOAD_ERROR}</p>
         <button type="button" onClick={() => setRetry((value) => value + 1)}>
-          Retry loading Automation
+          重试加载自动化
         </button>
       </div>
     );
@@ -276,18 +276,18 @@ export function AutomationModule({ instance, dataSource, refreshSignal }: Automa
   if (!snapshot) return null;
   return (
     <div className="automation-module">
-      {state.kind === 'loading' ? <p role="status">Refreshing Automation…</p> : null}
+      {state.kind === 'loading' ? <p role="status">正在刷新自动化数据…</p> : null}
       {state.kind === 'error' ? (
         <div className="state-panel state-error" role="alert">
-          <p>Refresh failed; showing the last known Automation data.</p>
+          <p>刷新失败，正在显示上次已知的自动化数据。</p>
           <button type="button" onClick={() => setRetry((value) => value + 1)}>
-            Retry loading Automation
+            重试加载自动化
           </button>
         </div>
       ) : null}
       {instance.freshness !== 'fresh' ? (
-        <p className="state-panel" role="status" aria-label="Automation freshness">
-          Automation data is {instance.freshness}; verify freshness before relying on these values.
+        <p className="state-panel" role="status" aria-label="自动化数据时效性">
+          自动化数据可能不是最新数据，请核实时效性后再使用这些数值。
         </p>
       ) : null}
       <SnapshotView snapshot={snapshot} />

apps/web/src/instances/calls-module.test.tsx

@@ -40,16 +40,16 @@ describe('isolated Calls read module', () => {
   it('loads only through the injected source and renders aggregate call and device status', async () => {
     const pending = deferredSource();
     render(<CallsModule instance={owner} dataSource={pending.source} />);
-    expect(screen.getByRole('status', { name: 'Calls loading status' })).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.getByRole('status', { name: '通话加载状态' })).toBeTruthy();
     expect(pending.load).toHaveBeenCalledWith('alpha', expect.any(AbortSignal));
     pending.resolve(snapshot);
 
-    const calls = await screen.findByRole('region', { name: 'Call status' });
-    const devices = screen.getByRole('region', { name: 'Device status' });
-    expect(within(calls).getByText('active')).toBeTruthy();
+    const calls = await screen.findByRole('region', { name: '通话状态' });
+    const devices = screen.getByRole('region', { name: '设备状态' });
+    expect(within(calls).getByText('活跃')).toBeTruthy();
     expect(within(calls).getByText('2')).toBeTruthy();
-    expect(within(devices).getByText('available')).toBeTruthy();
-    expect(screen.getByText(/Observed 2026-07-17T12:30:00Z/)).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(within(devices).getByText('可用')).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.getByText(/观测时间：2026-07-17T12:30:00Z/)).toBeTruthy();
   });
 
   it('strictly allowlists aggregate fields and exposes no phone numbers, audio, logs, or controls', async () => {
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ describe('isolated Calls read module', () => {
       devices: { ...snapshot.devices, phoneNumber: '+1-555-0102', audioUrl: 'secret-audio-url' },
     } as CallsSnapshot;
     render(<CallsModule instance={owner} dataSource={{ load: async () => unsafe }} />);
-    expect(await screen.findByText('available')).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(await screen.findByText('可用')).toBeTruthy();
     expect(document.body.textContent).not.toMatch(/555|private|secret-audio/i);
     expect(screen.queryByRole('button')).toBeNull();
   });
@@ -75,12 +75,12 @@ describe('isolated Calls read module', () => {
         dataSource={{ load }}
       />,
     );
-    expect(screen.getByRole('alert').textContent).toMatch(/authentication is required/i);
+    expect(screen.getByRole('alert').textContent).toMatch(/需要先完成认证/i);
     expect(load).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
 
     rerender(<CallsModule instance={owner} />);
-    expect(screen.getByRole('status', { name: 'Calls unavailable' }).textContent).toMatch(
-      /no safe calls read data source.*will not invent.*production endpoint/i,
+    expect(screen.getByRole('status', { name: '通话不可用' }).textContent).toMatch(
+      /没有可用的安全通话只读数据源.*不会臆造.*生产端点/i,
     );
   });
 
@@ -95,16 +95,16 @@ describe('isolated Calls read module', () => {
     const { rerender } = render(
       <CallsModule instance={owner} dataSource={source} refreshSignal={0} />,
     );
-    expect(await screen.findByText('available')).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(await screen.findByText('可用')).toBeTruthy();
     rerender(<CallsModule instance={owner} dataSource={source} refreshSignal={1} />);
 
     const alert = await screen.findByRole('alert');
-    expect(alert.textContent).toMatch(/showing the last known Calls data/i);
+    expect(alert.textContent).toMatch(/正在显示上次已知的通话数据/i);
     expect(alert.textContent).not.toMatch(/secret endpoint|telephone/i);
-    expect(screen.getByText('available')).toBeTruthy();
-    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Retry loading Calls' }));
+    expect(screen.getByText('可用')).toBeTruthy();
+    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '重试加载通话' }));
     expect(
-      await within(screen.getByRole('region', { name: 'Call status' })).findByText('3'),
+      await within(screen.getByRole('region', { name: '通话状态' })).findByText('3'),
     ).toBeTruthy();
   });
 

apps/web/src/instances/calls-module.tsx

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { useEffect, useRef, useState, type ReactNode } from 'react';
 
 import type { InstanceContext } from '../app-shell.js';
+import { displayValue } from '../ui/locale.js';
 
 /** Bounded values permitted in aggregate call/device status. */
 export type CallsStatusValue = string | number | boolean | null;
@@ -49,23 +50,23 @@ type ReadState =
   | { kind: 'ready'; snapshot: OwnedSnapshot }
   | { kind: 'error'; snapshot?: OwnedSnapshot };
 
-const SAFE_LOAD_ERROR = 'Calls data could not be loaded.';
+const SAFE_LOAD_ERROR = '无法加载通话数据。';
 
 const CALL_FIELDS = [
-  ['State', 'state'],
-  ['Total', 'total'],
-  ['Active', 'active'],
-  ['Ringing', 'ringing'],
-  ['Held', 'held'],
-  ['Failed', 'failed'],
+  ['状态', 'state'],
+  ['总计', 'total'],
+  ['活动中', 'active'],
+  ['响铃中', 'ringing'],
+  ['保持中', 'held'],
+  ['失败', 'failed'],
 ] as const;
 
 const DEVICE_FIELDS = [
-  ['State', 'state'],
-  ['Total', 'total'],
-  ['Online', 'online'],
-  ['Offline', 'offline'],
-  ['Busy', 'busy'],
+  ['状态', 'state'],
+  ['总计', 'total'],
+  ['在线', 'online'],
+  ['离线', 'offline'],
+  ['忙碌', 'busy'],
 ] as const;
 
 function Section({ label, children }: { label: string; children: ReactNode }) {
@@ -86,13 +87,13 @@ function AggregateFields({
 }) {
   const safeValues = values as Readonly<Record<string, CallsStatusValue | undefined>>;
   const supplied = fields.filter(([, key]) => safeValues[key] !== undefined);
-  if (!supplied.length) return <p>No aggregate status was supplied.</p>;
+  if (!supplied.length) return <p>未提供汇总状态。</p>;
   return (
     <dl>
       {supplied.map(([label, key]) => (
         <div key={key}>
           <dt>{label}</dt>
-          <dd>{safeValues[key] == null ? 'Unavailable' : String(safeValues[key])}</dd>
+          <dd>{displayValue(safeValues[key])}</dd>
         </div>
       ))}
     </dl>
@@ -102,12 +103,12 @@ function AggregateFields({
 function SnapshotView({ snapshot }: { snapshot: CallsSnapshot }) {
   return (
     <>
-      {snapshot.observedAt ? <p>Observed {snapshot.observedAt}</p> : null}
+      {snapshot.observedAt ? <p>观测时间：{snapshot.observedAt}</p> : null}
       <div className="calls-grid">
-        <Section label="Call status">
+        <Section label="通话状态">
           <AggregateFields values={snapshot.calls} fields={CALL_FIELDS} />
         </Section>
-        <Section label="Device status">
+        <Section label="设备状态">
           <AggregateFields values={snapshot.devices} fields={DEVICE_FIELDS} />
         </Section>
       </div>
@@ -162,15 +163,14 @@ export function CallsModule({ instance, dataSource, refreshSignal }: CallsModule
   if (instance.authentication !== 'authenticated')
     return (
       <div className="state-panel state-error" role="alert">
-        Authentication is required before Calls data can be read for this instance.
+        需要先完成认证，才能读取通话数据。
       </div>
     );
 
   if (!dataSource)
     return (
-      <div className="state-panel" role="status" aria-label="Calls unavailable">
-        No safe Calls read data source is available. This console will not invent or call an
-        uncontracted production endpoint.
+      <div className="state-panel" role="status" aria-label="通话不可用">
+        没有可用的安全通话只读数据源。此控制台不会臆造或调用未签订契约的生产端点。
       </div>
     );
 
@@ -179,17 +179,17 @@ export function CallsModule({ instance, dataSource, refreshSignal }: CallsModule
 
   if ((state.kind === 'idle' || state.kind === 'loading') && !snapshot)
     return (
-      <p role="status" aria-label="Calls loading status">
-        Loading Calls…
+      <p role="status" aria-label="通话加载状态">
+        正在加载通话数据…
       </p>
     );
 
   if (state.kind === 'error' && !snapshot)
     return (
       <div className="state-panel state-error" role="alert">
-        <p>Unable to load Calls: {SAFE_LOAD_ERROR}</p>
+        <p>{SAFE_LOAD_ERROR}</p>
         <button type="button" onClick={() => setRetry((value) => value + 1)}>
-          Retry loading Calls
+          重试加载通话
         </button>
       </div>
     );
@@ -198,18 +198,18 @@ export function CallsModule({ instance, dataSource, refreshSignal }: CallsModule
 
   return (
     <div className="calls-module">
-      {state.kind === 'loading' ? <p role="status">Refreshing Calls…</p> : null}
+      {state.kind === 'loading' ? <p role="status">正在刷新通话数据…</p> : null}
       {state.kind === 'error' ? (
         <div className="state-panel state-error" role="alert">
-          <p>Refresh failed; showing the last known Calls data.</p>
+          <p>刷新失败，正在显示上次已知的通话数据。</p>
           <button type="button" onClick={() => setRetry((value) => value + 1)}>
-            Retry loading Calls
+            重试加载通话
           </button>
         </div>
       ) : null}
       {instance.freshness !== 'fresh' ? (
-        <p className="state-panel" role="status" aria-label="Calls freshness">
-          Calls data is {instance.freshness}; verify freshness before relying on these values.
+        <p className="state-panel" role="status" aria-label="通话数据时效性">
+          通话数据可能不是最新数据，请核实时效性后再使用这些数值。
         </p>
       ) : null}
       <SnapshotView snapshot={snapshot.value} />

apps/web/src/instances/cellular-module.test.tsx

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ const owner: InstanceContext = {
 
 const snapshot: CellularSnapshot = {
   observedAt: '2026-07-17T12:00:00Z',
-  networkRegistration: { state: 'registered', roaming: false },
+  networkRegistration: { state: 'online', roaming: false },
   signal: { rssi: '-71 dBm', quality: 82 },
   cellsLocation: { cell: '12345', area: 19, latitude: null },
   operators: { current: 'Example Mobile', available: 3 },
@@ -54,27 +54,30 @@ describe('Phase 6.2 Cellular read module', () => {
     const pending = deferredSource();
     render(<CellularModule instance={owner} dataSource={pending.source} />);
 
-    expect(screen.getByRole('status', { name: 'Cellular loading status' })).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.getByRole('status', { name: '蜂窝网络加载状态' })).toBeTruthy();
     expect(pending.load).toHaveBeenCalledWith('alpha', expect.any(AbortSignal));
     pending.resolve(snapshot);
 
-    for (const heading of ['Network registration', 'Signal', 'Cells / location', 'Operators']) {
+    for (const heading of ['网络注册', '信号', '小区与位置', '运营商']) {
       expect(await screen.findByRole('heading', { name: heading })).toBeTruthy();
     }
-    expect(
-      within(screen.getByRole('region', { name: 'Signal' })).getByText('-71 dBm'),
-    ).toBeTruthy();
-    expect(screen.getByText('Unavailable')).toBeTruthy();
-    expect(screen.getByText(/Observed 2026-07-17T12:00:00Z/)).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(within(screen.getByRole('region', { name: '信号' })).getByText('-71 dBm')).toBeTruthy();
+    const registration = screen.getByRole('region', { name: '网络注册' });
+    expect(within(registration).getByText('在线')).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(within(registration).getByText('否')).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(within(registration).queryByText('online')).toBeNull();
+    expect(within(registration).queryByText('false')).toBeNull();
+    expect(screen.getByText('不可用')).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.getByText(/观测时间：2026-07-17T12:00:00Z/)).toBeTruthy();
     expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: /register|operator|network/i })).toBeNull();
-    expect(screen.getByText(/automatic network registration is available only/i)).toBeTruthy();
-    expect(screen.getByText(/audited R2 prepare, confirm, and execute flow/i)).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.getByText(/自动网络注册仅可通过/i)).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.getByText(/经审计的 R2 准备、确认和执行流程/i)).toBeTruthy();
   });
 
   it('is honest when no read source is injected', () => {
     render(<CellularModule instance={owner} />);
-    expect(screen.getByRole('status', { name: 'Cellular unavailable' }).textContent).toMatch(
-      /no safe cellular read data source.*will not invent.*production endpoint/i,
+    expect(screen.getByRole('status', { name: '蜂窝网络不可用' }).textContent).toMatch(
+      /没有可用的安全蜂窝网络只读数据源.*不会臆造.*生产端点/i,
     );
   });
 
@@ -95,7 +98,7 @@ describe('Phase 6.2 Cellular read module', () => {
         dataSource={{ load }}
       />,
     );
-    expect(screen.getByRole('alert').textContent).toMatch(/authentication is required/i);
+    expect(screen.getByRole('alert').textContent).toMatch(/需要先完成认证/i);
     expect(screen.queryByText('-71 dBm')).toBeNull();
     expect(load).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
   });
@@ -114,13 +117,11 @@ describe('Phase 6.2 Cellular read module', () => {
     expect(await screen.findByText('-71 dBm')).toBeTruthy();
 
     rerender(<CellularModule instance={owner} dataSource={source} refreshSignal={1} />);
-    expect(
-      await screen.findByText(/Refresh failed; showing the last known cellular data/i),
-    ).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(await screen.findByText(/刷新失败，正在显示上次已知的蜂窝网络数据/i)).toBeTruthy();
     expect(screen.getByText('-71 dBm')).toBeTruthy();
     expect(screen.queryByText(/secret upstream details/i)).toBeNull();
 
-    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Retry loading cellular data' }));
+    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '重试加载蜂窝网络数据' }));
     expect(await screen.findByText('-65 dBm')).toBeTruthy();
     expect(load).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3);
   });
@@ -134,9 +135,9 @@ describe('Phase 6.2 Cellular read module', () => {
     render(<CellularModule instance={owner} dataSource={{ load }} />);
 
     const alert = await screen.findByRole('alert');
-    expect(alert.textContent).toMatch(/Cellular data could not be loaded/i);
+    expect(alert.textContent).toMatch(/无法加载蜂窝网络数据/i);
     expect(alert.textContent).not.toMatch(/private failure/i);
-    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Retry loading cellular data' }));
+    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '重试加载蜂窝网络数据' }));
     expect(await screen.findByText('-71 dBm')).toBeTruthy();
   });
 

apps/web/src/instances/cellular-module.tsx

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 
 import type { InstanceContext } from '../app-shell.js';
+import { displayValue } from '../ui/locale.js';
 
 /** Cellular data is deliberately limited to display-safe primitive values. */
 export type CellularFieldValue = string | number | boolean | null;
@@ -59,42 +60,42 @@ type ReadState =
 const SECTIONS = [
   [
     'networkRegistration',
-    'Network registration',
+    '网络注册',
     [
-      ['State', 'state'],
-      ['Mode', 'mode'],
-      ['Operator', 'operator'],
-      ['Roaming', 'roaming'],
+      ['状态', 'state', true],
+      ['模式', 'mode', true],
+      ['运营商', 'operator'],
+      ['漫游', 'roaming', true],
     ],
   ],
   [
     'signal',
-    'Signal',
+    '信号',
     [
       ['RSSI', 'rssi'],
       ['RSRP', 'rsrp'],
       ['RSRQ', 'rsrq'],
       ['SINR', 'sinr'],
-      ['Quality', 'quality'],
+      ['质量', 'quality', true],
     ],
   ],
   [
     'cellsLocation',
-    'Cells / location',
+    '小区与位置',
     [
-      ['Cell', 'cell'],
-      ['Area', 'area'],
-      ['Technology', 'technology'],
-      ['Latitude', 'latitude'],
-      ['Longitude', 'longitude'],
+      ['小区', 'cell'],
+      ['区域', 'area'],
+      ['技术', 'technology', true],
+      ['纬度', 'latitude'],
+      ['经度', 'longitude'],
     ],
   ],
   [
     'operators',
-    'Operators',
+    '运营商',
     [
-      ['Current', 'current'],
-      ['Available', 'available'],
+      ['当前', 'current'],
+      ['可用', 'available'],
     ],
   ],
 ] as const;
@@ -106,7 +107,7 @@ function StructuredSection({
 }: {
   label: string;
   values: object;
-  fields: readonly (readonly [string, string])[];
+  fields: readonly (readonly [string, string, boolean?])[];
 }) {
   const safeValues = values as Readonly<Record<string, CellularFieldValue | undefined>>;
   const entries = fields.filter(([, key]) => safeValues[key] !== undefined);
@@ -115,18 +116,20 @@ function StructuredSection({
       <h2>{label}</h2>
       {entries.length ? (
         <dl>
-          {entries.map(([labelText, fieldKey]) => {
+          {entries.map(([labelText, fieldKey, localized]) => {
             const value = safeValues[fieldKey];
             return (
               <div key={fieldKey}>
                 <dt>{labelText}</dt>
-                <dd>{value == null ? 'Unavailable' : String(value)}</dd>
+                <dd>
+                  {localized ? displayValue(value) : value == null ? '不可用' : String(value)}
+                </dd>
               </div>
             );
           })}
         </dl>
       ) : (
-        <p>No {label.toLocaleLowerCase()} data was supplied.</p>
+        <p>未提供{label}数据。</p>
       )}
     </section>
   );
@@ -169,7 +172,7 @@ export function CellularModule({ instance, dataSource, refreshSignal }: Cellular
                 : undefined;
             return {
               kind: 'error',
-              message: 'Cellular data could not be loaded.',
+              message: '无法加载蜂窝网络数据。',
               ...(snapshot ? { snapshot } : {}),
             };
           });
@@ -182,16 +185,15 @@ export function CellularModule({ instance, dataSource, refreshSignal }: Cellular
   if (instance.authentication !== 'authenticated') {
     return (
       <div className="state-panel state-error" role="alert">
-        Authentication is required before cellular data can be read for this instance.
+        需要先完成认证，才能读取蜂窝网络数据。
       </div>
     );
   }
 
   if (!dataSource) {
     return (
-      <div className="state-panel" role="status" aria-label="Cellular unavailable">
-        No safe cellular read data source is available. This console will not invent or call an
-        uncontracted production endpoint.
+      <div className="state-panel" role="status" aria-label="蜂窝网络不可用">
+        没有可用的安全蜂窝网络只读数据源。此控制台不会臆造或调用未签订契约的生产端点。
       </div>
     );
   }
@@ -201,8 +203,8 @@ export function CellularModule({ instance, dataSource, refreshSignal }: Cellular
 
   if ((state.kind === 'idle' || state.kind === 'loading') && !ownedSnapshot) {
     return (
-      <p role="status" aria-label="Cellular loading status">
-        Loading cellular data…
+      <p role="status" aria-label="蜂窝网络加载状态">
+        正在加载蜂窝网络数据…
       </p>
     );
   }
@@ -210,9 +212,9 @@ export function CellularModule({ instance, dataSource, refreshSignal }: Cellular
   if (state.kind === 'error' && !ownedSnapshot) {
     return (
       <div className="state-panel state-error" role="alert">
-        <p>Unable to load cellular data: {state.message}</p>
+        <p>{state.message}</p>
         <button type="button" onClick={() => setRetry((value) => value + 1)}>
-          Retry loading cellular data
+          重试加载蜂窝网络数据
         </button>
       </div>
     );
@@ -223,32 +225,31 @@ export function CellularModule({ instance, dataSource, refreshSignal }: Cellular
 
   return (
     <div className="cellular-module">
-      {state.kind === 'loading' ? <p role="status">Refreshing cellular data…</p> : null}
+      {state.kind === 'loading' ? <p role="status">正在刷新蜂窝网络数据…</p> : null}
       {state.kind === 'error' ? (
         <div className="state-panel state-error" role="alert">
-          <p>Refresh failed; showing the last known cellular data.</p>
+          <p>刷新失败，正在显示上次已知的蜂窝网络数据。</p>
           <button type="button" onClick={() => setRetry((value) => value + 1)}>
-            Retry loading cellular data
+            重试加载蜂窝网络数据
           </button>
         </div>
       ) : null}
       {instance.freshness !== 'fresh' ? (
-        <p className="state-panel" role="status" aria-label="Cellular freshness">
-          Cellular data is {instance.freshness}; verify freshness before relying on these values.
+        <p className="state-panel" role="status" aria-label="蜂窝网络数据新鲜度">
+          蜂窝网络数据可能已过期；使用这些值前请核实数据新鲜度。
         </p>
       ) : null}
-      {snapshot.observedAt ? <p>Observed {snapshot.observedAt}</p> : null}
+      {snapshot.observedAt ? <p>观测时间：{snapshot.observedAt}</p> : null}
       <div className="cellular-grid">
         {SECTIONS.map(([key, label, fields]) => (
           <StructuredSection key={key} label={label} values={snapshot[key]} fields={fields} />
         ))}
       </div>
-      <section className="state-panel" aria-label="Network registration operations">
-        <h2>Network registration operations</h2>
+      <section className="state-panel" aria-label="网络注册操作">
+        <h2>网络注册操作</h2>
         <p>
-          Automatic network registration is available only through the audited R2 prepare, confirm,
-          and execute flow. Manual registration and monitoring controls remain unavailable. This
-          read-only panel does not bypass those gates.
+          自动网络注册仅可通过经审计的 R2 准备、确认和执行流程进行。手动注册和监控控件仍不可用。
+          此只读面板不会绕过这些限制。
         </p>
       </section>
     </div>

apps/web/src/instances/device-network-module.test.tsx

@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ const snapshot: DeviceNetworkSnapshot = {
   wlan: {
     status: {
       enabled: true,
-      radioState: 'on',
-      connectionState: 'connected',
+      radioState: 'enabled',
+      connectionState: 'active',
       activeProfile: 'office',
       ssid: 'Operations Wi-Fi',
     },
@@ -101,22 +101,30 @@ describe('Phase 6.3 Device Network read module', () => {
     const pending = deferredSource();
     render(<DeviceNetworkModule instance={owner} dataSource={pending.source} />);
 
-    expect(screen.getByRole('status', { name: 'Device Network loading status' })).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.getByRole('status', { name: '设备网络加载状态' })).toBeTruthy();
     expect(pending.load).toHaveBeenCalledWith('alpha', expect.any(AbortSignal));
     pending.resolve(snapshot);
 
-    expect(await screen.findByRole('heading', { name: 'WLAN status' })).toBeTruthy();
-    expect(screen.getByRole('heading', { name: 'WLAN profiles' })).toBeTruthy();
-    expect(screen.getByRole('heading', { name: 'Interfaces and addresses' })).toBeTruthy();
-    expect(screen.getByRole('heading', { name: 'DDNS status' })).toBeTruthy();
-    expect(screen.getByRole('heading', { name: 'DDNS configuration' })).toBeTruthy();
-    expect(screen.getByRole('heading', { name: 'DDNS log summary' })).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(await screen.findByRole('heading', { name: 'WLAN 状态' })).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.getByRole('heading', { name: 'WLAN 配置文件' })).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.getByRole('heading', { name: '接口与地址' })).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.getByRole('heading', { name: 'DDNS 状态' })).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.getByRole('heading', { name: 'DDNS 配置' })).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.getByRole('heading', { name: 'DDNS 日志摘要' })).toBeTruthy();
     expect(
-      within(screen.getByRole('region', { name: 'WLAN profiles' })).getByText('WPA3'),
+      within(screen.getByRole('region', { name: 'WLAN 配置文件' })).getByText('WPA3'),
     ).toBeTruthy();
+    const wlanStatus = screen.getByRole('region', { name: 'WLAN 状态' });
+    expect(within(wlanStatus).getAllByText('已启用')).toHaveLength(2);
+    expect(within(wlanStatus).getByText('活跃')).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(within(wlanStatus).getByText('是')).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(within(wlanStatus).queryByText('enabled')).toBeNull();
+    expect(within(wlanStatus).queryByText('active')).toBeNull();
+    expect(within(wlanStatus).queryByText('true')).toBeNull();
+
     expect(screen.getByText('192.0.2.10/24')).toBeTruthy();
     expect(screen.getByText('gateway.example.test')).toBeTruthy();
-    expect(screen.getByText(/Observed 2026-07-17T11:00:00Z/)).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.getByText(/观测时间：2026-07-17T11:00:00Z/)).toBeTruthy();
   });
 
   it('does not render passwords, credentials, arbitrary fields, log bodies, or write controls', async () => {
@@ -127,14 +135,14 @@ describe('Phase 6.3 Device Network read module', () => {
     expect(document.body.textContent).not.toContain('private-password');
     expect(screen.queryByText(/password/i)).toBeNull();
     expect(screen.queryByRole('button')).toBeNull();
-    expect(screen.getByText(/R1.*unavailable.*executable backend support/i)).toBeTruthy();
-    expect(screen.getByText(/R2.*unavailable.*executable backend support/i)).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.getByText(/可执行后端支持.*R1.*不可用/i)).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.getByText(/可执行后端支持.*R2.*不可用/i)).toBeTruthy();
   });
 
   it('is honest when no source is injected and does not invent an endpoint', () => {
     render(<DeviceNetworkModule instance={owner} />);
-    expect(screen.getByRole('status', { name: 'Device Network unavailable' }).textContent).toMatch(
-      /no safe device network read data source.*uncontracted production endpoint/i,
+    expect(screen.getByRole('status', { name: '设备网络不可用' }).textContent).toMatch(
+      /没有可用的安全设备网络只读数据源.*未签订契约的生产端点/i,
     );
   });
 
@@ -155,7 +163,7 @@ describe('Phase 6.3 Device Network read module', () => {
         dataSource={{ load }}
       />,
     );
-    expect(screen.getByRole('alert').textContent).toMatch(/authentication is required/i);
+    expect(screen.getByRole('alert').textContent).toMatch(/需要先完成认证/i);
     expect(screen.queryByText('gateway.example.test')).toBeNull();
     expect(load).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
   });
@@ -169,9 +177,9 @@ describe('Phase 6.3 Device Network read module', () => {
     render(<DeviceNetworkModule instance={owner} dataSource={{ load }} />);
 
     const alert = await screen.findByRole('alert');
-    expect(alert.textContent).toContain('Device Network data could not be loaded.');
+    expect(alert.textContent).toContain('无法加载设备网络数据。');
     expect(alert.textContent).not.toContain('secret upstream');
-    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Retry loading Device Network' }));
+    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '重试加载设备网络' }));
     expect(await screen.findByText('gateway.example.test')).toBeTruthy();
     expect(load).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
   });
@@ -193,9 +201,9 @@ describe('Phase 6.3 Device Network read module', () => {
     expect(await screen.findByText('gateway.example.test')).toBeTruthy();
 
     rerender(<DeviceNetworkModule instance={owner} dataSource={source} refreshSignal={1} />);
-    expect((await screen.findByRole('alert')).textContent).toMatch(/showing the last known/i);
+    expect((await screen.findByRole('alert')).textContent).toMatch(/正在显示上次已知/i);
     expect(screen.getByText('gateway.example.test')).toBeTruthy();
-    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Retry loading Device Network' }));
+    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '重试加载设备网络' }));
     expect(await screen.findByText('new.example.test')).toBeTruthy();
   });
 
@@ -250,9 +258,9 @@ describe('Phase 6.3 Device Network read module', () => {
         dataSource={{ load: async () => snapshot }}
       />,
     );
-    expect(
-      (await screen.findByRole('status', { name: 'Device Network freshness' })).textContent,
-    ).toMatch(/stale/i);
+    expect((await screen.findByRole('status', { name: '设备网络数据新鲜度' })).textContent).toMatch(
+      /可能已过期/i,
+    );
     expect(screen.getByText('gateway.example.test')).toBeTruthy();
   });
 });

apps/web/src/instances/device-network-module.tsx

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { useEffect, useRef, useState, type ReactNode } from 'react';
 
 import type { InstanceContext } from '../app-shell.js';
+import { displayValue } from '../ui/locale.js';
 
 /** Only these bounded primitives may cross the injected read boundary into the UI. */
 export type DeviceNetworkValue = string | number | boolean | null;
@@ -90,23 +91,27 @@ type ReadState =
   | { kind: 'ready'; ownerId: string; snapshot: DeviceNetworkSnapshot }
   | { kind: 'error'; ownerId: string; snapshot?: DeviceNetworkSnapshot };
 
-const SAFE_LOAD_ERROR = 'Device Network data could not be loaded.';
+const SAFE_LOAD_ERROR = '无法加载设备网络数据。';
 
-function display(value: DeviceNetworkValue | undefined): string {
-  return value == null ? 'Unavailable' : String(value);
+function displayRaw(value: DeviceNetworkValue | undefined): string {
+  return value == null ? '不可用' : String(value);
 }
 
 function Fields({
   values,
 }: {
-  values: readonly (readonly [label: string, value: DeviceNetworkValue | undefined])[];
+  values: readonly (readonly [
+    label: string,
+    value: DeviceNetworkValue | undefined,
+    localized?: boolean,
+  ])[];
 }) {
   return (
     <dl>
-      {values.map(([label, value]) => (
+      {values.map(([label, value, localized]) => (
         <div key={label}>
           <dt>{label}</dt>
-          <dd>{display(value)}</dd>
+          <dd>{localized ? displayValue(value) : displayRaw(value)}</dd>
         </div>
       ))}
     </dl>
@@ -129,115 +134,115 @@ function SnapshotView({ snapshot }: { snapshot: DeviceNetworkSnapshot }) {
   const logs = snapshot.ddns.logSummary;
   return (
     <>
-      {snapshot.observedAt ? <p>Observed {snapshot.observedAt}</p> : null}
+      {snapshot.observedAt ? <p>观测时间：{snapshot.observedAt}</p> : null}
       <div className="device-network-grid">
-        <Section label="WLAN status">
+        <Section label="WLAN 状态">
           <Fields
             values={[
-              ['Enabled', status.enabled],
-              ['Radio state', status.radioState],
-              ['Connection state', status.connectionState],
-              ['Active profile', status.activeProfile],
+              ['已启用', status.enabled, true],
+              ['无线电状态', status.radioState, true],
+              ['连接状态', status.connectionState, true],
+              ['活动配置文件', status.activeProfile],
               ['SSID', status.ssid],
             ]}
           />
         </Section>
-        <Section label="WLAN profiles">
+        <Section label="WLAN 配置文件">
           {snapshot.wlan.profiles.length ? (
             snapshot.wlan.profiles.map((profile, index) => (
               <article key={`${profile.name ?? 'profile'}-${index}`}>
                 <Fields
                   values={[
-                    ['Name', profile.name],
+                    ['名称', profile.name],
                     ['SSID', profile.ssid],
-                    ['Security', profile.security],
-                    ['Enabled', profile.enabled],
-                    ['Priority', profile.priority],
+                    ['安全性', profile.security, true],
+                    ['已启用', profile.enabled, true],
+                    ['优先级', profile.priority],
                   ]}
                 />
               </article>
             ))
           ) : (
-            <p>No WLAN profiles were supplied.</p>
+            <p>未提供 WLAN 配置。</p>
           )}
         </Section>
-        <Section label="Interfaces and addresses">
+        <Section label="接口与地址">
           {snapshot.interfaces.length ? (
             snapshot.interfaces.map((networkInterface, index) => (
               <article key={`${networkInterface.name ?? 'interface'}-${index}`}>
                 <Fields
                   values={[
-                    ['Name', networkInterface.name],
-                    ['Kind', networkInterface.kind],
-                    ['State', networkInterface.state],
-                    ['MAC address', networkInterface.macAddress],
+                    ['名称', networkInterface.name],
+                    ['类型', networkInterface.kind, true],
+                    ['状态', networkInterface.state, true],
+                    ['MAC 地址', networkInterface.macAddress],
                     ['MTU', networkInterface.mtu],
                   ]}
                 />
-                <h3>Addresses</h3>
+                <h3>地址</h3>
                 {networkInterface.addresses.length ? (
                   <ul>
                     {networkInterface.addresses.map((address, addressIndex) => (
                       <li key={`${address.address ?? 'address'}-${addressIndex}`}>
                         <Fields
                           values={[
-                            ['Family', address.family],
+                            ['地址族', address.family, true],
                             [
-                              'Address',
+                              '地址',
                               address.address == null
                                 ? null
                                 : address.prefixLength == null
                                   ? address.address
                                   : `${address.address}/${address.prefixLength}`,
                             ],
-                            ['Scope', address.scope],
+                            ['作用域', address.scope, true],
                           ]}
                         />
                       </li>
                     ))}
                   </ul>
                 ) : (
-                  <p>No addresses were supplied.</p>
+                  <p>未提供地址。</p>
                 )}
               </article>
             ))
           ) : (
-            <p>No network interfaces were supplied.</p>
+            <p>未提供网络接口。</p>
           )}
         </Section>
-        <Section label="DDNS status">
+        <Section label="DDNS 状态">
           <Fields
             values={[
-              ['Enabled', ddnsStatus.enabled],
-              ['State', ddnsStatus.state],
-              ['Last update', ddnsStatus.lastUpdateAt],
+              ['已启用', ddnsStatus.enabled, true],
+              ['状态', ddnsStatus.state, true],
+              ['最近更新', ddnsStatus.lastUpdateAt],
             ]}
           />
         </Section>
-        <Section label="DDNS configuration">
+        <Section label="DDNS 配置">
           <Fields
             values={[
-              ['Provider', config.provider],
-              ['Hostname', config.hostname],
-              ['Update interval (seconds)', config.updateIntervalSeconds],
+              ['服务商', config.provider],
+              ['主机名', config.hostname],
+              ['更新间隔（秒）', config.updateIntervalSeconds],
             ]}
           />
         </Section>
-        <Section label="DDNS log summary">
+        <Section label="DDNS 日志摘要">
           <Fields
             values={[
-              ['Total entries', logs.totalEntries],
-              ['Successful updates', logs.successfulUpdates],
-              ['Failed updates', logs.failedUpdates],
-              ['Last event', logs.lastEventAt],
+              ['条目总数', logs.totalEntries],
+              ['成功更新', logs.successfulUpdates],
+              ['失败更新', logs.failedUpdates],
+              ['最近事件', logs.lastEventAt],
             ]}
           />
         </Section>
       </div>
-      <section className="state-panel" aria-label="Device Network actions">
-        <h2>Device Network actions</h2>
-        <p>R1 configuration actions are unavailable until executable backend support exists.</p>
-        <p>R2 operational actions are unavailable until executable backend support exists.</p>
+      <section className="state-panel" aria-label="设备网络操作">
+        <h2>设备网络操作</h2>
+        <p>在具备可执行后端支持前，R1 配置操作不可用。</p>
+        <p>在具备可执行后端支持前，R2 运行操作不可用。</p>
       </section>
     </>
   );
@@ -294,16 +299,15 @@ export function DeviceNetworkModule({
   if (instance.authentication !== 'authenticated') {
     return (
       <div className="state-panel state-error" role="alert">
-        Authentication is required before Device Network data can be read for this instance.
+        需要先完成认证，才能读取设备网络数据。
       </div>
     );
   }
 
   if (!dataSource)
     return (
-      <div className="state-panel" role="status" aria-label="Device Network unavailable">
-        No safe Device Network read data source is available. This console will not invent or call
-        an uncontracted production endpoint.
+      <div className="state-panel" role="status" aria-label="设备网络不可用">
+        没有可用的安全设备网络只读数据源。此控制台不会臆造或调用未签订契约的生产端点。
       </div>
     );
 
@@ -314,17 +318,17 @@ export function DeviceNetworkModule({
 
   if ((state.kind === 'idle' || state.kind === 'loading') && !retainedSnapshot)
     return (
-      <p role="status" aria-label="Device Network loading status">
-        Loading Device Network…
+      <p role="status" aria-label="设备网络加载状态">
+        正在加载设备网络…
       </p>
     );
 
   if (state.kind === 'error' && !retainedSnapshot)
     return (
       <div className="state-panel state-error" role="alert">
-        <p>Unable to load Device Network: {SAFE_LOAD_ERROR}</p>
+        <p>{SAFE_LOAD_ERROR}</p>
         <button type="button" onClick={() => setRetry((value) => value + 1)}>
-          Retry loading Device Network
+          重试加载设备网络
         </button>
       </div>
     );
@@ -335,19 +339,18 @@ export function DeviceNetworkModule({
 
   return (
     <div className="device-network-module">
-      {state.kind === 'loading' ? <p role="status">Refreshing Device Network…</p> : null}
+      {state.kind === 'loading' ? <p role="status">正在刷新设备网络…</p> : null}
       {state.kind === 'error' ? (
         <div className="state-panel state-error" role="alert">
-          <p>Refresh failed; showing the last known Device Network data.</p>
+          <p>刷新失败，正在显示上次已知的设备网络数据。</p>
           <button type="button" onClick={() => setRetry((value) => value + 1)}>
-            Retry loading Device Network
+            重试加载设备网络
           </button>
         </div>
       ) : null}
       {instance.freshness !== 'fresh' ? (
-        <p className="state-panel" role="status" aria-label="Device Network freshness">
-          Device Network data is {instance.freshness}; verify freshness before relying on these
-          values.
+        <p className="state-panel" role="status" aria-label="设备网络数据新鲜度">
+          设备网络数据可能已过期；使用这些值前请核实数据新鲜度。
         </p>
       ) : null}
       <SnapshotView snapshot={currentSnapshot} />

apps/web/src/instances/esim-module.test.tsx

@@ -36,19 +36,19 @@ describe('isolated safe eSIM read module', () => {
     render(<EsimModule instance={owner} dataSource={pending.source} />);
     expect(pending.load).toHaveBeenCalledWith('alpha', expect.any(AbortSignal));
     pending.resolve(snapshot);
-    const section = await screen.findByRole('region', { name: 'eSIM safe summary' });
+    const section = await screen.findByRole('region', { name: 'eSIM 安全摘要' });
     expect(within(section).getByText('4')).toBeTruthy();
     expect(within(section).getByText('2')).toBeTruthy();
-    expect(within(section).getByText('available')).toBeTruthy();
-    expect(within(section).getByText('idle')).toBeTruthy();
-    expect(within(section).getByText('Provisioned')).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(within(section).getByText('可用')).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(within(section).getByText('空闲')).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(within(section).getByText('已配置')).toBeTruthy();
     expect(screen.queryByRole('button')).toBeNull();
   });
 
   it('has no endpoint fallback and requires the exact authenticated owner', async () => {
     const load = vi.fn<EsimDataSource['load']>().mockResolvedValue(snapshot);
     const { rerender } = render(<EsimModule instance={owner} dataSource={{ load }} />);
-    expect(await screen.findByText('Provisioned')).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(await screen.findByText('已配置')).toBeTruthy();
     rerender(
       <EsimModule
         instance={{
@@ -60,13 +60,13 @@ describe('isolated safe eSIM read module', () => {
         dataSource={{ load }}
       />,
     );
-    expect(screen.getByRole('alert').textContent).toMatch(/authentication is required/i);
-    expect(screen.queryByText('Provisioned')).toBeNull();
+    expect(screen.getByRole('alert').textContent).toMatch(/需要先完成认证/i);
+    expect(screen.queryByText('已配置')).toBeNull();
     expect(load).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
 
     rerender(<EsimModule instance={owner} />);
-    expect(screen.getByRole('status', { name: 'eSIM unavailable' }).textContent).toMatch(
-      /no safe esim read data source.*will not invent or call.*endpoint/i,
+    expect(screen.getByRole('status', { name: 'eSIM 不可用' }).textContent).toMatch(
+      /没有可用的安全 eSIM 只读数据源.*不会臆造或调用.*端点/i,
     );
   });
 
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ describe('isolated safe eSIM read module', () => {
       providerData: { secret: 'raw-provider-secret' },
     } as unknown as EsimSnapshot;
     render(<EsimModule instance={owner} dataSource={{ load: async () => hostile }} />);
-    expect(await screen.findByText('Enabled')).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(await screen.findByText('已启用')).toBeTruthy();
     for (const forbidden of [
       'EID-secret',
       'ICCID-secret',
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ describe('isolated safe eSIM read module', () => {
       expect(document.body.textContent).not.toContain(forbidden);
     expect(document.querySelector('img')).toBeNull();
     expect(document.querySelector('script')).toBeNull();
-    expect(screen.getAllByText('Unavailable')).toHaveLength(4);
+    expect(screen.getAllByText('不可用')).toHaveLength(4);
   });
 
   it('retains same-owner data during refresh and uses fixed safe errors with retry', async () => {
@@ -123,14 +123,12 @@ describe('isolated safe eSIM read module', () => {
     const { rerender } = render(
       <EsimModule instance={owner} dataSource={source} refreshSignal={0} />,
     );
-    expect(await screen.findByText('Provisioned')).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(await screen.findByText('已配置')).toBeTruthy();
     rerender(<EsimModule instance={owner} dataSource={source} refreshSignal={1} />);
-    expect(
-      await screen.findByText(/Refresh failed; showing the last known eSIM summary/i),
-    ).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(await screen.findByText(/刷新失败，正在显示上次已知的 eSIM 摘要/i)).toBeTruthy();
     expect(document.body.textContent).not.toContain('EID-secret');
     expect(screen.getByText('4')).toBeTruthy();
-    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Retry loading eSIM data' }));
+    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '重试加载 eSIM 数据' }));
     expect(await screen.findByText('5')).toBeTruthy();
   });
 
@@ -146,7 +144,7 @@ describe('isolated safe eSIM read module', () => {
       />,
     );
     const alert = await screen.findByRole('alert');
-    expect(alert.textContent).toContain('eSIM data could not be loaded.');
+    expect(alert.textContent).toContain('无法加载 eSIM 数据。');
     expect(alert.textContent).not.toContain('private code');
   });
 
@@ -163,8 +161,8 @@ describe('isolated safe eSIM read module', () => {
     expect(alphaSignal?.aborted).toBe(true);
     alpha.resolve({ ...snapshot, labels: ['Error'] });
     bravo.resolve({ ...snapshot, labels: ['Pending'] });
-    expect(await screen.findByText('Pending')).toBeTruthy();
-    expect(screen.queryByText('Error')).toBeNull();
+    expect(await screen.findByText('等待中')).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.queryByText('错误')).toBeNull();
   });
 
   it('caps labels at eight and defensively sanitizes unknown and null payloads', async () => {
@@ -176,13 +174,13 @@ describe('isolated safe eSIM read module', () => {
     const { rerender } = render(
       <EsimModule instance={owner} dataSource={{ load: async () => ({ labels }) }} />,
     );
-    const summary = await screen.findByRole('region', { name: 'eSIM safe summary' });
+    const summary = await screen.findByRole('region', { name: 'eSIM 安全摘要' });
     expect(within(summary).getAllByRole('listitem')).toHaveLength(8);
     rerender(
       <EsimModule instance={owner} dataSource={{ load: async () => null }} refreshSignal={1} />,
     );
-    expect(await screen.findByText('No safe labels were supplied.')).toBeTruthy();
-    expect(screen.getAllByText('Unavailable')).toHaveLength(4);
+    expect(await screen.findByText('未提供安全标签。')).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.getAllByText('不可用')).toHaveLength(4);
   });
 
   it('turns a synchronous source throw into the fixed initial-load error', async () => {
@@ -197,7 +195,7 @@ describe('isolated safe eSIM read module', () => {
       />,
     );
     const alert = await screen.findByRole('alert');
-    expect(alert.textContent).toContain('eSIM data could not be loaded.');
+    expect(alert.textContent).toContain('无法加载 eSIM 数据。');
     expect(alert.textContent).not.toContain('private eSIM identifier');
   });
 });

apps/web/src/instances/esim-module.tsx

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 
 import type { InstanceContext } from '../app-shell.js';
+import { displayValue } from '../ui/locale.js';
 
 /** Bounded status vocabularies are the only strings this module may present. */
 export type EsimLpacStatus = 'available' | 'unavailable' | 'degraded' | 'unknown';
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ const SAFE_LABELS = new Set<EsimSafeLabel>([
   'Pending',
   'Error',
 ]);
-const SAFE_LOAD_ERROR = 'eSIM data could not be loaded.';
+const SAFE_LOAD_ERROR = '无法加载 eSIM 数据。';
 const MAX_SAFE_LABELS = 8;
 
 function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Readonly<Record<string, unknown>> {
@@ -93,40 +94,48 @@ function sanitizeSnapshot(value: unknown): SafeSnapshot {
 }
 
 function display(value: number | string | undefined): string {
-  return value === undefined ? 'Unavailable' : String(value);
+  return displayValue(value);
 }
 
+const SAFE_LABEL_DISPLAY_VALUES: Readonly<Record<EsimSafeLabel, string>> = {
+  Provisioned: '已配置',
+  Enabled: 'enabled',
+  Disabled: 'disabled',
+  Pending: 'pending',
+  Error: 'error',
+};
+
 function SnapshotView({ snapshot }: { snapshot: SafeSnapshot }) {
   return (
-    <section className="esim-card" aria-label="eSIM safe summary">
-      <h2>eSIM safe summary</h2>
+    <section className="esim-card" aria-label="eSIM 安全摘要">
+      <h2>eSIM 安全摘要</h2>
       <dl>
         <div>
-          <dt>Profile count</dt>
+          <dt>配置数量</dt>
           <dd>{display(snapshot.profileCount)}</dd>
         </div>
         <div>
-          <dt>Enabled profile count</dt>
+          <dt>已启用配置数量</dt>
           <dd>{display(snapshot.enabledProfileCount)}</dd>
         </div>
         <div>
-          <dt>lpac status</dt>
+          <dt>LPAC 状态</dt>
           <dd>{display(snapshot.lpacStatus)}</dd>
         </div>
         <div>
-          <dt>Work mode</dt>
+          <dt>工作模式</dt>
           <dd>{display(snapshot.workMode)}</dd>
         </div>
       </dl>
-      <h3>Safe labels</h3>
+      <h3>安全标签</h3>
       {snapshot.labels.length ? (
         <ul>
           {snapshot.labels.map((label, index) => (
-            <li key={`${label}-${index}`}>{label}</li>
+            <li key={`${label}-${index}`}>{displayValue(SAFE_LABEL_DISPLAY_VALUES[label])}</li>
           ))}
         </ul>
       ) : (
-        <p>No safe labels were supplied.</p>
+        <p>未提供安全标签。</p>
       )}
     </section>
   );
@@ -187,16 +196,15 @@ export function EsimModule({ instance, dataSource, refreshSignal }: EsimModulePr
   if (instance.authentication !== 'authenticated') {
     return (
       <div className="state-panel state-error" role="alert">
-        Authentication is required before eSIM data can be read for this instance.
+        需要先完成认证，才能读取 eSIM 数据。
       </div>
     );
   }
 
   if (!dataSource) {
     return (
-      <div className="state-panel" role="status" aria-label="eSIM unavailable">
-        No safe eSIM read data source is available. This console will not invent or call an
-        uncontracted production endpoint.
+      <div className="state-panel" role="status" aria-label="eSIM 不可用">
+        没有可用的安全 eSIM 只读数据源。此控制台不会臆造或调用未签订契约的生产端点。
       </div>
     );
   }
@@ -208,8 +216,8 @@ export function EsimModule({ instance, dataSource, refreshSignal }: EsimModulePr
 
   if ((state.kind === 'idle' || state.kind === 'loading') && !retained) {
     return (
-      <p role="status" aria-label="eSIM loading status">
-        Loading eSIM summary…
+      <p role="status" aria-label="eSIM 加载状态">
+        正在加载 eSIM 摘要…
       </p>
     );
   }
@@ -217,9 +225,9 @@ export function EsimModule({ instance, dataSource, refreshSignal }: EsimModulePr
   if (state.kind === 'error' && !retained) {
     return (
       <div className="state-panel state-error" role="alert">
-        <p>Unable to load eSIM data: {SAFE_LOAD_ERROR}</p>
+        <p>{SAFE_LOAD_ERROR}</p>
         <button type="button" onClick={() => setRetry((value) => value + 1)}>
-          Retry loading eSIM data
+          重试加载 eSIM 数据
         </button>
       </div>
     );
@@ -231,18 +239,18 @@ export function EsimModule({ instance, dataSource, refreshSignal }: EsimModulePr
 
   return (
     <div className="esim-module">
-      {state.kind === 'loading' ? <p role="status">Refreshing eSIM summary…</p> : null}
+      {state.kind === 'loading' ? <p role="status">正在刷新 eSIM 摘要…</p> : null}
       {state.kind === 'error' ? (
         <div className="state-panel state-error" role="alert">
-          <p>Refresh failed; showing the last known eSIM summary.</p>
+          <p>刷新失败，正在显示上次已知的 eSIM 摘要。</p>
           <button type="button" onClick={() => setRetry((value) => value + 1)}>
-            Retry loading eSIM data
+            重试加载 eSIM 数据
           </button>
         </div>
       ) : null}
       {instance.freshness !== 'fresh' ? (
-        <p className="state-panel" role="status" aria-label="eSIM freshness">
-          eSIM data is {instance.freshness}; verify freshness before relying on these values.
+        <p className="state-panel" role="status" aria-label="eSIM 数据时效性">
+          eSIM 数据可能不是最新数据，请核实时效性后再使用这些数值。
         </p>
       ) : null}
       <SnapshotView snapshot={snapshot} />

apps/web/src/instances/instance-crud.test.tsx

@@ -33,13 +33,13 @@ describe('Instance CRUD form', () => {
     const source = dataSource();
     render(<InstanceEditor mode="create" dataSource={source} />);
 
-    await user.type(screen.getByLabelText('Name'), 'Lab modem');
-    await user.type(screen.getByLabelText('Origin'), 'https://lab.example/admin');
-    await user.type(screen.getByLabelText('Tags'), 'lab, west, lab');
-    await user.selectOptions(screen.getByLabelText('Authentication method'), 'password');
-    await user.type(screen.getByLabelText('Password'), 'do-not-render');
+    await user.type(screen.getByLabelText('名称'), 'Lab modem');
+    await user.type(screen.getByLabelText('源地址'), 'https://lab.example/admin');
+    await user.type(screen.getByLabelText('标签'), 'lab, west, lab');
+    await user.selectOptions(screen.getByLabelText('认证方式'), 'password');
+    await user.type(screen.getByLabelText('密码'), 'do-not-render');
     expect(document.body.textContent).not.toContain('do-not-render');
-    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Add instance' }));
+    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '添加实例' }));
 
     expect(source.create).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
       name: 'Lab modem',
@@ -58,17 +58,17 @@ describe('Instance CRUD form', () => {
     expect(await screen.findByDisplayValue('Owner modem')).toBeTruthy();
     expect(source.get).toHaveBeenCalledWith('owner');
 
-    await user.clear(screen.getByLabelText('Name'));
-    await user.type(screen.getByLabelText('Name'), 'Renamed');
-    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Save changes' }));
+    await user.clear(screen.getByLabelText('名称'));
+    await user.type(screen.getByLabelText('名称'), 'Renamed');
+    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '保存更改' }));
     expect(source.update).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(
       'owner',
       3,
       expect.objectContaining({ password: { action: 'preserve' } }),
     );
 
-    await user.selectOptions(screen.getByLabelText('Password action'), 'clear');
-    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Save changes' }));
+    await user.selectOptions(screen.getByLabelText('密码操作'), 'clear');
+    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '保存更改' }));
     expect(source.update).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(
       'owner',
       4,
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ describe('Instance CRUD form', () => {
     );
 
     rerender(<InstanceEditor mode="edit" instanceId="intruder" dataSource={source} />);
-    expect((await screen.findByRole('alert')).textContent).toMatch(/does not match this route/i);
+    expect((await screen.findByRole('alert')).textContent).toMatch(/实例操作失败，请稍后重试/i);
     expect(screen.queryByDisplayValue('Owner modem')).toBeNull();
   });
 
@@ -84,19 +84,17 @@ describe('Instance CRUD form', () => {
     const user = userEvent.setup();
     const source = dataSource({
       update: vi.fn(async () => {
-        throw new Error('Could not save this instance.');
+        throw new Error('无法保存此实例。');
       }),
     });
     render(<InstanceEditor mode="edit" instanceId="owner" dataSource={source} />);
     await screen.findByDisplayValue('Owner modem');
-    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Test connection' }));
-    expect((await screen.findByRole('status')).textContent).toMatch(/reachable and authenticated/i);
+    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '测试连接' }));
+    expect((await screen.findByRole('status')).textContent).toMatch(/连接可达且已认证/i);
 
-    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Save changes' }));
-    expect((await screen.findByRole('alert')).textContent).toContain(
-      'Could not save this instance.',
-    );
-    await user.type(screen.getByLabelText('Name'), ' still here');
+    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '保存更改' }));
+    expect((await screen.findByRole('alert')).textContent).toContain('实例操作失败，请稍后重试。');
+    await user.type(screen.getByLabelText('名称'), ' still here');
     expect(screen.getByRole('alert')).toBeTruthy();
   });
 
@@ -105,12 +103,12 @@ describe('Instance CRUD form', () => {
     const source = dataSource();
     render(<InstanceEditor mode="edit" instanceId="owner" dataSource={source} />);
     await screen.findByDisplayValue('Owner modem');
-    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Delete instance' }));
-    expect(
-      (screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Confirm deletion' }) as HTMLButtonElement).disabled,
-    ).toBe(true);
-    await user.type(screen.getByLabelText('Type owner to confirm'), 'owner');
-    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Confirm deletion' }));
+    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '删除实例' }));
+    expect((screen.getByRole('button', { name: '确认删除' }) as HTMLButtonElement).disabled).toBe(
+      true,
+    );
+    await user.type(screen.getByLabelText('输入 owner 以确认'), 'owner');
+    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '确认删除' }));
     expect(source.delete).toHaveBeenCalledWith('owner', 3);
   });
 });

apps/web/src/instances/instance-crud.tsx

@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ export interface InstanceEditorProps {
 }
 type PasswordAction = 'preserve' | 'set' | 'clear';
 
-function message(error: unknown): string {
-  return error instanceof Error && error.message ? error.message : 'The instance operation failed.';
+function message(): string {
+  return '实例操作失败，请稍后重试。';
 }
 
 export function InstanceEditor({
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ export function InstanceEditor({
   useEffect(() => {
     if (mode !== 'edit') return;
     if (!instanceId) {
-      setError('The instance route is missing an owner.');
+      setError('实例路由缺少所有者。');
       return;
     }
     let active = true;
@@ -53,8 +53,7 @@ export function InstanceEditor({
       .get(instanceId)
       .then((loaded) => {
         if (!active) return;
-        if (loaded.id !== instanceId)
-          throw new Error('The returned instance does not match this route.');
+        if (loaded.id !== instanceId) throw new Error('返回的实例与当前路由不匹配。');
         setOwner(loaded);
         setName(loaded.name);
         setOrigin(loaded.origin);
@@ -63,7 +62,7 @@ export function InstanceEditor({
         setPasswordAction('preserve');
         setPassword('');
       })
-      .catch((cause: unknown) => active && setError(message(cause)));
+      .catch(() => active && setError(message()));
     return () => {
       active = false;
     };
@@ -88,14 +87,14 @@ export function InstanceEditor({
           ? await dataSource.create(input)
           : await dataSource.update(owner!.id, owner!.revision, input);
       if (mode === 'edit' && saved.id !== instanceId)
-        throw new Error('The returned instance does not match this route.');
+        throw new Error('返回的实例与当前路由不匹配。');
       setOwner(saved);
       setPassword('');
       setPasswordAction('preserve');
-      setStatus(mode === 'create' ? 'Instance added.' : 'Changes saved.');
+      setStatus(mode === 'create' ? '实例已添加。' : '更改已保存。');
       setError(undefined);
-    } catch (cause) {
-      setError(message(cause));
+    } catch {
+      setError(message());
     } finally {
       setBusy(false);
     }
@@ -109,13 +108,13 @@ export function InstanceEditor({
       setStatus(
         result.reachable
           ? result.authenticated
-            ? 'Connection is reachable and authenticated.'
-            : 'Connection is reachable; authentication is required.'
-          : 'Connection is not reachable.',
+            ? '连接可达且已认证。'
+            : '连接可达，但需要认证。'
+          : '连接不可达。',
       );
       setError(undefined);
-    } catch (cause) {
-      setError(message(cause));
+    } catch {
+      setError(message());
     } finally {
       setBusy(false);
     }
@@ -126,11 +125,11 @@ export function InstanceEditor({
     setBusy(true);
     try {
       await dataSource.delete(owner.id, owner.revision);
-      setStatus('Instance deletion accepted.');
+      setStatus('实例删除请求已接受。');
       setError(undefined);
       setConfirming(false);
-    } catch (cause) {
-      setError(message(cause));
+    } catch {
+      setError(message());
     } finally {
       setBusy(false);
     }
@@ -142,12 +141,12 @@ export function InstanceEditor({
         {error}
       </p>
     ) : (
-      <p role="status">Loading instance…</p>
+      <p role="status">正在加载实例…</p>
     );
 
   return (
     <section className="instance-editor">
-      <h1>{mode === 'create' ? 'Add instance' : 'Instance settings'}</h1>
+      <h1>{mode === 'create' ? '添加实例' : '实例设置'}</h1>
       {error ? (
         <p role="alert" className="state-panel state-error">
           {error}
@@ -160,11 +159,11 @@ export function InstanceEditor({
       ) : null}
       <form onSubmit={submit}>
         <label>
-          Name
+          名称
           <input required value={name} onChange={(event) => setName(event.target.value)} />
         </label>
         <label>
-          Origin
+          源地址
           <input
             required
             type="url"
@@ -173,29 +172,29 @@ export function InstanceEditor({
           />
         </label>
         <label>
-          Tags
+          标签
           <input
             value={tags}
             onChange={(event) => setTags(event.target.value)}
             aria-describedby="tags-help"
           />
         </label>
-        <small id="tags-help">Comma-separated tags</small>
+        <small id="tags-help">使用英文逗号分隔标签</small>
         <label>
-          Authentication method
+          认证方式
           <select
             value={authMethod}
             onChange={(event) => setAuthMethod(event.target.value as 'none' | 'password')}
           >
-            <option value="none">None</option>
-            <option value="password">Password</option>
+            <option value="none">无</option>
+            <option value="password">密码</option>
           </select>
         </label>
         {authMethod === 'password' ? (
           <>
             {mode === 'edit' ? (
               <label>
-                Password action
+                密码操作
                 <select
                   value={passwordAction}
                   onChange={(event) => {
@@ -203,15 +202,15 @@ export function InstanceEditor({
                     setPassword('');
                   }}
                 >
-                  <option value="preserve">Keep saved password</option>
-                  <option value="set">Set new password</option>
-                  <option value="clear">Clear saved password</option>
+                  <option value="preserve">保留已保存的密码</option>
+                  <option value="set">设置新密码</option>
+                  <option value="clear">清除已保存的密码</option>
                 </select>
               </label>
             ) : null}
             {mode === 'create' || passwordAction === 'set' ? (
               <label>
-                Password
+                密码
                 <input
                   required
                   type="password"
@@ -225,27 +224,27 @@ export function InstanceEditor({
         ) : null}
         <div className="form-actions">
           <button disabled={busy} type="submit">
-            {mode === 'create' ? 'Add instance' : 'Save changes'}
+            {mode === 'create' ? '添加实例' : '保存更改'}
           </button>
           {mode === 'edit' ? (
             <button disabled={busy} type="button" onClick={() => void testConnection()}>
-              Test connection
+              测试连接
             </button>
           ) : null}
         </div>
       </form>
       {mode === 'edit' ? (
         <section className="danger-zone" aria-labelledby="danger-heading">
-          <h2 id="danger-heading">Danger zone</h2>
+          <h2 id="danger-heading">危险操作区</h2>
           {!confirming ? (
             <button type="button" onClick={() => setConfirming(true)}>
-              Delete instance
+              删除实例
             </button>
           ) : (
             <div>
-              <p>Deletion cannot be undone.</p>
+              <p>删除后无法撤销。</p>
               <label>
-                Type {owner!.id} to confirm
+                输入 {owner!.id} 以确认
                 <input
                   value={confirmation}
                   onChange={(event) => setConfirmation(event.target.value)}
@@ -256,7 +255,7 @@ export function InstanceEditor({
                 type="button"
                 onClick={() => void remove()}
               >
-                Confirm deletion
+                确认删除
               </button>
               <button
                 type="button"
@@ -265,7 +264,7 @@ export function InstanceEditor({
                   setConfirmation('');
                 }}
               >
-                Cancel
+                取消
               </button>
             </div>
           )}

apps/web/src/instances/instance-detail.test.tsx

@@ -22,9 +22,9 @@ const owner: InstanceContext = {
 
 const capabilities: InstanceCapabilityMap = {
   overview: { state: 'supported' },
-  messages: { state: 'degraded', explanation: 'Message history is read-only.' },
-  calls: { state: 'unsupported', explanation: 'This modem has no voice support.' },
-  esim: { state: 'unknown', explanation: 'Capability discovery did not report eSIM.' },
+  messages: { state: 'degraded', explanation: '消息历史记录为只读。' },
+  calls: { state: 'unsupported', explanation: '此调制解调器不支持语音功能。' },
+  esim: { state: 'unknown', explanation: '能力探测结果未包含 eSIM。' },
 };
 
 describe('InstanceDetail', () => {
@@ -38,14 +38,14 @@ describe('InstanceDetail', () => {
       />,
     );
 
-    expect(screen.getByRole('link', { name: 'Overview' }).getAttribute('href')).toBe(
+    expect(screen.getByRole('link', { name: '概览' }).getAttribute('href')).toBe(
       '/instances/owner/overview',
     );
-    expect(screen.queryByRole('link', { name: 'Messages' })).toBeNull();
-    expect(screen.getByText('Message history is read-only.')).toBeTruthy();
-    expect(screen.getByText('This modem has no voice support.')).toBeTruthy();
-    expect(screen.getByText('Capability discovery did not report eSIM.')).toBeTruthy();
-    expect(screen.getAllByText('Capability state is unknown.').length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+    expect(screen.queryByRole('link', { name: '消息' })).toBeNull();
+    expect(screen.getByText('消息历史记录为只读。')).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.getByText('此调制解调器不支持语音功能。')).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.getByText('能力探测结果未包含 eSIM。')).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.getAllByText('能力状态未知。').length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
   });
 
   it('never renders or loads context when the direct-route owner does not match', () => {
@@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ describe('InstanceDetail', () => {
     );
 
     expect(screen.queryByText('Owner modem')).toBeNull();
-    expect(screen.queryByRole('navigation', { name: 'Instance modules' })).toBeNull();
-    expect(screen.getByText(/Instance context is unavailable/i)).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.queryByRole('navigation', { name: '实例模块' })).toBeNull();
+    expect(screen.getByText(/此路由缺少实例上下文/i)).toBeTruthy();
     expect(load).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
   });
 
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ describe('InstanceDetail', () => {
     expect(pending.get('owner')?.signal.aborted).toBe(true);
 
     pending.get('second')?.resolve({ overview: { state: 'supported' } });
-    expect(await screen.findByRole('link', { name: 'Overview' })).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(await screen.findByRole('link', { name: '概览' })).toBeTruthy();
     pending
       .get('owner')
       ?.resolve({ overview: { state: 'unsupported', explanation: 'Stale owner result' } });
@@ -107,9 +107,9 @@ describe('InstanceDetail', () => {
   });
 
   it.each<[InstanceModule, string]>([
-    ['cellular', 'Cellular'],
-    ['device-network', 'Device Network'],
-    ['automation', 'Automation'],
+    ['cellular', '蜂窝网络'],
+    ['device-network', '设备网络'],
+    ['automation', '自动化'],
     ['ota', 'OTA'],
   ])('uses the existing module contract for %s', (module, label) => {
     render(

apps/web/src/instances/instance-detail.tsx

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 
 import type { InstanceContext, InstanceModule } from '../app-shell.js';
 import { canonicalHttpOrigin } from '../fleet/fleet-page.js';
+import { displayStatus } from '../ui/locale.js';
 
 export type CapabilityState = 'supported' | 'degraded' | 'unsupported' | 'unknown';
 
@@ -27,23 +28,23 @@ export interface InstanceDetailProps {
 }
 
 export const INSTANCE_MODULE_LABELS: Readonly<Record<InstanceModule, string>> = {
-  overview: 'Overview',
-  cellular: 'Cellular',
-  'device-network': 'Device Network',
-  messages: 'Messages',
-  calls: 'Calls',
+  overview: '概览',
+  cellular: '蜂窝网络',
+  'device-network': '设备网络',
+  messages: '消息',
+  calls: '通话',
   esim: 'eSIM',
-  notifications: 'Notifications',
-  automation: 'Automation',
+  notifications: '通知',
+  automation: '自动化',
   ota: 'OTA',
 };
 
 const MODULES = Object.keys(INSTANCE_MODULE_LABELS) as readonly InstanceModule[];
 
 const DEFAULT_EXPLANATIONS: Readonly<Record<Exclude<CapabilityState, 'supported'>, string>> = {
-  degraded: 'This module is available with limited functionality.',
-  unsupported: 'This instance does not support this module.',
-  unknown: 'Capability state is unknown.',
+  degraded: '此模块可用，但功能受限。',
+  unsupported: '此实例不支持该模块。',
+  unknown: '能力状态未知。',
 };
 
 function capabilityFor(map: InstanceCapabilityMap, module: InstanceModule): InstanceCapability {
@@ -99,7 +100,7 @@ export function InstanceDetail({
       (error: unknown) => {
         void error;
         if (!controller.signal.aborted && requestRef.current === request) {
-          setLoadError('Capability discovery failed.');
+          setLoadError('能力探测失败。');
           setLoading(false);
         }
       },
@@ -111,7 +112,7 @@ export function InstanceDetail({
     return (
       <section>
         <h1>{INSTANCE_MODULE_LABELS[module]}</h1>
-        <p>Instance context is unavailable for this route.</p>
+        <p>此路由缺少实例上下文。</p>
       </section>
     );
   }
@@ -122,29 +123,29 @@ export function InstanceDetail({
 
   return (
     <section className="instance-detail">
-      <aside className="instance-context" aria-label="Current instance">
+      <aside className="instance-context" aria-label="当前实例">
         <strong>{instance.name}</strong>
         <code>{instance.id}</code>
         <dl>
           <div>
-            <dt>Status</dt>
-            <dd>{instance.status}</dd>
+            <dt>状态</dt>
+            <dd>{displayStatus(instance.status)}</dd>
           </div>
           <div>
-            <dt>Authentication</dt>
-            <dd>{instance.authentication}</dd>
+            <dt>认证</dt>
+            <dd>{displayStatus(instance.authentication)}</dd>
           </div>
           <div>
-            <dt>Freshness</dt>
-            <dd>{instance.freshness}</dd>
+            <dt>数据新鲜度</dt>
+            <dd>{displayStatus(instance.freshness)}</dd>
           </div>
         </dl>
         {origin ? (
           <a href={origin} target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
-            Open original site
+            打开源站
           </a>
         ) : null}
-        <nav aria-label="Instance modules">
+        <nav aria-label="实例模块">
           <ul>
             {MODULES.map((item) => {
               const capability = capabilityFor(map, item);
@@ -172,19 +173,14 @@ export function InstanceDetail({
       </aside>
       <div className="instance-module-detail">
         <h1>{INSTANCE_MODULE_LABELS[module]}</h1>
-        {loading ? <p role="status">Loading capabilities…</p> : null}
-        {loadError ? <p role="alert">Capabilities unavailable: {loadError}</p> : null}
+        {loading ? <p role="status">正在加载能力…</p> : null}
+        {loadError ? <p role="alert">能力不可用：{loadError}</p> : null}
         {!loading && canRender(activeCapability) ? (
           <>
             {activeCapability.state === 'degraded' ? (
               <p data-capability-state="degraded">{explanation(activeCapability)}</p>
             ) : null}
-            {moduleContent ?? (
-              <p>
-                Inspect {INSTANCE_MODULE_LABELS[module].toLowerCase()} data and available
-                operations.
-              </p>
-            )}
+            {moduleContent ?? <p>查看{INSTANCE_MODULE_LABELS[module]}数据和可用操作。</p>}
           </>
         ) : null}
         {!loading && !canRender(activeCapability) ? (

apps/web/src/instances/messages-module.test.tsx

@@ -81,17 +81,19 @@ describe('Messages isolated read module', () => {
     const pending = deferredSource();
     render(<MessagesModule instance={owner} dataSource={pending.source} />);
 
-    expect(screen.getByRole('status', { name: 'Messages loading status' })).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.getByRole('status', { name: '消息加载状态' })).toBeTruthy();
     expect(pending.load).toHaveBeenCalledWith('alpha', expect.any(AbortSignal));
     pending.resolve(snapshot);
 
-    const sms = await screen.findByRole('region', { name: 'SMS aggregate' });
+    const sms = await screen.findByRole('region', { name: '短信汇总' });
     expect(within(sms).getByText('42')).toBeTruthy();
     expect(within(sms).getByText('2026-07-17T11:55:00Z')).toBeTruthy();
-    const devices = screen.getByRole('region', { name: 'Device message aggregates' });
+    const devices = screen.getByRole('region', { name: '设备消息汇总' });
     expect(within(devices).getByText('modem-1')).toBeTruthy();
     expect(within(devices).getByText('Primary modem')).toBeTruthy();
-    expect(screen.getByText(/Observed 2026-07-17T12:00:00Z/)).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(within(devices).getByText('在线')).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(within(devices).queryByText('online')).toBeNull();
+    expect(screen.getByText(/观测时间：2026-07-17T12:00:00Z/)).toBeTruthy();
   });
 
   it('uses an explicit safe allowlist and exposes no bodies, content, recipients, credentials, or write actions', async () => {
@@ -111,16 +113,14 @@ describe('Messages isolated read module', () => {
     }
     expect(screen.queryByText(/recipient|phone number|password/i)).toBeNull();
     expect(screen.queryByRole('button')).toBeNull();
-    expect(screen.getByText(/aggregate metadata only/i)).toBeTruthy();
-    expect(
-      screen.getByText(/sending, deleting, and changing messages are unavailable/i),
-    ).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.getByText(/仅显示汇总元数据/i)).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.getByText(/此只读模块不支持发送、删除或修改消息/)).toBeTruthy();
   });
 
   it('does not invent an endpoint when no source is injected', () => {
     render(<MessagesModule instance={owner} />);
-    expect(screen.getByRole('status', { name: 'Messages unavailable' }).textContent).toMatch(
-      /no safe messages read data source.*uncontracted production endpoint/i,
+    expect(screen.getByRole('status', { name: '消息不可用' }).textContent).toMatch(
+      /没有可用的安全消息只读数据源.*未签订契约的生产端点/i,
     );
   });
 
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ describe('Messages isolated read module', () => {
         dataSource={{ load }}
       />,
     );
-    expect(screen.getByRole('alert').textContent).toMatch(/authentication is required/i);
+    expect(screen.getByRole('alert').textContent).toMatch(/需要先完成认证/i);
     expect(screen.queryByText('Primary modem')).toBeNull();
     expect(load).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
   });
@@ -149,9 +149,9 @@ describe('Messages isolated read module', () => {
     render(<MessagesModule instance={owner} dataSource={{ load }} />);
 
     const alert = await screen.findByRole('alert');
-    expect(alert.textContent).toContain('Messages data could not be loaded.');
+    expect(alert.textContent).toContain('无法加载消息数据。');
     expect(alert.textContent).not.toContain('secret URL');
-    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Retry loading Messages' }));
+    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '重试加载消息' }));
     expect(await screen.findByText('Primary modem')).toBeTruthy();
     expect(load).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
   });
@@ -171,9 +171,9 @@ describe('Messages isolated read module', () => {
 
     rerender(<MessagesModule instance={owner} dataSource={source} refreshSignal={1} />);
     expect(screen.getByText('Primary modem')).toBeTruthy();
-    expect((await screen.findByRole('alert')).textContent).toMatch(/showing the last known/i);
+    expect((await screen.findByRole('alert')).textContent).toMatch(/正在显示上次已知/i);
     expect(screen.getByText('Primary modem')).toBeTruthy();
-    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Retry loading Messages' }));
+    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '重试加载消息' }));
     expect(await screen.findByText('Replacement modem')).toBeTruthy();
   });
 
@@ -207,8 +207,8 @@ describe('Messages isolated read module', () => {
         dataSource={{ load: async () => snapshot }}
       />,
     );
-    expect((await screen.findByRole('status', { name: 'Messages freshness' })).textContent).toMatch(
-      /stale/i,
+    expect((await screen.findByRole('status', { name: '消息数据新鲜度' })).textContent).toMatch(
+      /可能已过期/i,
     );
     expect(screen.getByText('Primary modem')).toBeTruthy();
   });

apps/web/src/instances/messages-module.tsx

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { useEffect, useRef, useState, type ReactNode } from 'react';
 
 import type { InstanceContext } from '../app-shell.js';
+import { displayValue } from '../ui/locale.js';
 
 /** Bounded primitives permitted at the Messages presentation boundary. */
 export type MessageMetadataValue = string | number | boolean | null;
@@ -47,33 +48,37 @@ type ReadState =
   | { kind: 'ready'; ownerId: string; snapshot: MessagesSnapshot }
   | { kind: 'error'; ownerId: string; snapshot?: MessagesSnapshot };
 
-const SAFE_LOAD_ERROR = 'Messages data could not be loaded.';
+const SAFE_LOAD_ERROR = '无法加载消息数据。';
 
 const AGGREGATE_FIELDS = [
-  ['Total', 'total'],
-  ['Inbound', 'inbound'],
-  ['Outbound', 'outbound'],
-  ['Unread', 'unread'],
-  ['Failed', 'failed'],
-  ['Queued', 'queued'],
-  ['Last activity', 'lastActivityAt'],
+  ['总计', 'total'],
+  ['接收', 'inbound'],
+  ['发送', 'outbound'],
+  ['未读', 'unread'],
+  ['失败', 'failed'],
+  ['排队中', 'queued'],
+  ['最近活动', 'lastActivityAt'],
 ] as const;
 
-function display(value: MessageMetadataValue | undefined): string {
-  return value == null ? 'Unavailable' : String(value);
+function displayRaw(value: MessageMetadataValue | undefined): string {
+  return value == null ? '不可用' : String(value);
 }
 
 function Fields({
   values,
 }: {
-  values: readonly (readonly [label: string, value: MessageMetadataValue | undefined])[];
+  values: readonly (readonly [
+    label: string,
+    value: MessageMetadataValue | undefined,
+    localized?: boolean,
+  ])[];
 }) {
   return (
     <dl>
-      {values.map(([label, value]) => (
+      {values.map(([label, value, localized]) => (
         <div key={label}>
           <dt>{label}</dt>
-          <dd>{display(value)}</dd>
+          <dd>{localized ? displayValue(value) : displayRaw(value)}</dd>
         </div>
       ))}
     </dl>
@@ -99,34 +104,34 @@ function aggregateFields(
 function SnapshotView({ snapshot }: { snapshot: MessagesSnapshot }) {
   return (
     <>
-      {snapshot.observedAt ? <p>Observed {snapshot.observedAt}</p> : null}
-      <p>Aggregate metadata only; sensitive payload and addressing details are excluded.</p>
+      {snapshot.observedAt ? <p>观测时间：{snapshot.observedAt}</p> : null}
+      <p>仅显示汇总元数据；敏感内容和寻址详情已排除。</p>
       <div className="messages-grid">
-        <Section label="SMS aggregate">
+        <Section label="短信汇总">
           <Fields values={aggregateFields(snapshot.sms)} />
         </Section>
-        <Section label="Device message aggregates">
+        <Section label="设备消息汇总">
           {snapshot.devices.length ? (
             snapshot.devices.map((device, index) => (
               <article key={`${device.deviceId ?? device.label ?? 'device'}-${index}`}>
                 <Fields
                   values={[
-                    ['Device ID', device.deviceId],
-                    ['Label', device.label],
-                    ['State', device.state],
+                    ['设备 ID', device.deviceId],
+                    ['标签', device.label],
+                    ['状态', device.state, true],
                     ...aggregateFields(device),
                   ]}
                 />
               </article>
             ))
           ) : (
-            <p>No device message aggregates were supplied.</p>
+            <p>未提供设备消息汇总。</p>
           )}
         </Section>
       </div>
-      <section className="state-panel" aria-label="Messages actions">
-        <h2>Messages actions</h2>
-        <p>Sending, deleting, and changing messages are unavailable in this read-only module.</p>
+      <section className="state-panel" aria-label="消息操作">
+        <h2>消息操作</h2>
+        <p>此只读模块不支持发送、删除或修改消息。</p>
       </section>
     </>
   );
@@ -183,16 +188,15 @@ export function MessagesModule({ instance, dataSource, refreshSignal }: Messages
   if (instance.authentication !== 'authenticated') {
     return (
       <div className="state-panel state-error" role="alert">
-        Authentication is required before Messages data can be read for this instance.
+        需要先完成认证，才能读取消息数据。
       </div>
     );
   }
 
   if (!dataSource) {
     return (
-      <div className="state-panel" role="status" aria-label="Messages unavailable">
-        No safe Messages read data source is available. This console will not invent or call an
-        uncontracted production endpoint.
+      <div className="state-panel" role="status" aria-label="消息不可用">
+        没有可用的安全消息只读数据源。此控制台不会臆造或调用未签订契约的生产端点。
       </div>
     );
   }
@@ -204,8 +208,8 @@ export function MessagesModule({ instance, dataSource, refreshSignal }: Messages
 
   if ((state.kind === 'idle' || state.kind === 'loading') && !retainedSnapshot) {
     return (
-      <p role="status" aria-label="Messages loading status">
-        Loading Messages…
+      <p role="status" aria-label="消息加载状态">
+        正在加载消息…
       </p>
     );
   }
@@ -213,9 +217,9 @@ export function MessagesModule({ instance, dataSource, refreshSignal }: Messages
   if (state.kind === 'error' && !retainedSnapshot) {
     return (
       <div className="state-panel state-error" role="alert">
-        <p>Unable to load Messages: {SAFE_LOAD_ERROR}</p>
+        <p>{SAFE_LOAD_ERROR}</p>
         <button type="button" onClick={() => setRetry((value) => value + 1)}>
-          Retry loading Messages
+          重试加载消息
         </button>
       </div>
     );
@@ -227,18 +231,18 @@ export function MessagesModule({ instance, dataSource, refreshSignal }: Messages
 
   return (
     <div className="messages-module">
-      {state.kind === 'loading' ? <p role="status">Refreshing Messages…</p> : null}
+      {state.kind === 'loading' ? <p role="status">正在刷新消息…</p> : null}
       {state.kind === 'error' ? (
         <div className="state-panel state-error" role="alert">
-          <p>Refresh failed; showing the last known Messages data.</p>
+          <p>刷新失败，正在显示上次已知的消息数据。</p>
           <button type="button" onClick={() => setRetry((value) => value + 1)}>
-            Retry loading Messages
+            重试加载消息
           </button>
         </div>
       ) : null}
       {instance.freshness !== 'fresh' ? (
-        <p className="state-panel" role="status" aria-label="Messages freshness">
-          Messages data is {instance.freshness}; verify freshness before relying on these values.
+        <p className="state-panel" role="status" aria-label="消息数据新鲜度">
+          消息数据可能已过期；使用这些值前请核实数据新鲜度。
         </p>
       ) : null}
       <SnapshotView snapshot={currentSnapshot} />

apps/web/src/instances/notifications-module.test.tsx

@@ -82,25 +82,21 @@ describe('Notifications isolated safe read module', () => {
     const pending = deferredSource();
     render(<NotificationsModule instance={owner} dataSource={pending.source} />);
 
-    expect(screen.getByRole('status', { name: 'Notifications loading status' })).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.getByRole('status', { name: '通知加载状态' })).toBeTruthy();
     expect(pending.load).toHaveBeenCalledWith('alpha', expect.any(AbortSignal));
     pending.resolve(snapshot);
 
-    const channels = await screen.findByRole('region', { name: 'Channel aggregate' });
-    expect(within(channels).getByText('healthy')).toBeTruthy();
+    const channels = await screen.findByRole('region', { name: '渠道汇总' });
+    expect(within(channels).getByText('正常', { selector: 'dd' })).toBeTruthy();
     expect(within(channels).getByText('5')).toBeTruthy();
-    expect(
-      within(screen.getByRole('region', { name: 'Queue aggregate' })).getByText('18'),
-    ).toBeTruthy();
-    expect(
-      within(screen.getByRole('region', { name: 'Log aggregate' })).getByText('30'),
-    ).toBeTruthy();
-    expect(screen.getByText(/Observed 2026-07-17T12:00:00Z/)).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(within(screen.getByRole('region', { name: '队列汇总' })).getByText('18')).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(within(screen.getByRole('region', { name: '日志汇总' })).getByText('30')).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.getByText(/观测时间：2026-07-17T12:00:00Z/)).toBeTruthy();
   });
 
   it('never exposes polymorphic config, endpoints, destinations, tokens, phone numbers, payloads, raw logs, or actions', async () => {
     render(<NotificationsModule instance={owner} dataSource={{ load: async () => snapshot }} />);
-    expect(await screen.findByText(/aggregate counts and status only/i)).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(await screen.findByText(/仅显示汇总计数和状态/i)).toBeTruthy();
 
     const text = document.body.textContent ?? '';
     for (const secret of [
@@ -124,8 +120,8 @@ describe('Notifications isolated safe read module', () => {
   it('fails closed without an injected source or authenticated owner', async () => {
     const load = vi.fn<NotificationsDataSource['load']>().mockResolvedValue(snapshot);
     const { rerender } = render(<NotificationsModule instance={owner} />);
-    expect(screen.getByRole('status', { name: 'Notifications unavailable' }).textContent).toMatch(
-      /no safe notifications read data source.*uncontracted production endpoint/i,
+    expect(screen.getByRole('status', { name: '通知不可用' }).textContent).toMatch(
+      /没有可用的安全通知只读数据源.*未签订契约的生产端点/i,
     );
 
     rerender(
@@ -134,7 +130,7 @@ describe('Notifications isolated safe read module', () => {
         dataSource={{ load }}
       />,
     );
-    expect(screen.getByRole('alert').textContent).toMatch(/authentication is required/i);
+    expect(screen.getByRole('alert').textContent).toMatch(/需要先完成认证/i);
     expect(load).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
   });
 
@@ -160,8 +156,8 @@ describe('Notifications isolated safe read module', () => {
       ...snapshot,
       channels: { ...snapshot.channels, status: 'degraded', total: 9 },
     });
-    expect(await screen.findByText('degraded')).toBeTruthy();
-    expect(screen.queryByText('healthy')).toBeNull();
+    expect(await screen.findByText('功能受限', { selector: 'dd' })).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.queryByText('正常', { selector: 'dd' })).toBeNull();
   });
 
   it('uses fixed errors and retains only same-owner last-good data across refresh failure and retry', async () => {
@@ -175,18 +171,16 @@ describe('Notifications isolated safe read module', () => {
     const { rerender } = render(
       <NotificationsModule instance={owner} dataSource={source} refreshSignal={0} />,
     );
-    expect(await screen.findByText('healthy')).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(await screen.findByText('正常', { selector: 'dd' })).toBeTruthy();
 
     rerender(<NotificationsModule instance={owner} dataSource={source} refreshSignal={1} />);
     const alert = await screen.findByRole('alert');
-    expect(alert.textContent).toMatch(/refresh failed; showing the last known notifications data/i);
+    expect(alert.textContent).toMatch(/刷新失败，正在显示上次已知的通知数据/i);
     expect(alert.textContent).not.toContain('secret endpoint');
-    expect(screen.getByText('healthy')).toBeTruthy();
-    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Retry loading Notifications' }));
+    expect(screen.getByText('正常', { selector: 'dd' })).toBeTruthy();
+    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '重试加载通知数据' }));
     expect(
-      await within(screen.getByRole('region', { name: 'Channel aggregate' })).findByText(
-        'available',
-      ),
+      await within(screen.getByRole('region', { name: '渠道汇总' })).findByText('可用'),
     ).toBeTruthy();
   });
 
@@ -204,15 +198,13 @@ describe('Notifications isolated safe read module', () => {
       logs: { status: { token: 'nested-secret' }, total: Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER + 1, error: 3 },
     };
     render(<NotificationsModule instance={owner} dataSource={{ load: async () => unsafe }} />);
-    const logs = await screen.findByRole('region', { name: 'Log aggregate' });
+    const logs = await screen.findByRole('region', { name: '日志汇总' });
     expect(within(logs).getByText('3')).toBeTruthy();
-    expect(
-      within(screen.getByRole('region', { name: 'Channel aggregate' })).getByText('2'),
-    ).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(within(screen.getByRole('region', { name: '渠道汇总' })).getByText('2')).toBeTruthy();
     expect(document.body.textContent).not.toMatch(
       /api-token|channel-secret|private payload|nested-secret|Infinity|1\.5|-1/,
     );
-    expect(screen.queryByText(/^Observed /)).toBeNull();
+    expect(screen.queryByText(/^观测时间：/)).toBeNull();
     unsafe.channels.disabled = 99;
     expect(screen.queryByText('99')).toBeNull();
   });
@@ -225,7 +217,7 @@ describe('Notifications isolated safe read module', () => {
       />,
     );
     const alert = await screen.findByRole('alert');
-    expect(alert.textContent).toContain('Notifications data could not be loaded.');
+    expect(alert.textContent).toContain('无法加载通知数据。');
     expect(alert.textContent).not.toContain('private token');
   });
 
@@ -241,7 +233,7 @@ describe('Notifications isolated safe read module', () => {
       />,
     );
     const alert = await screen.findByRole('alert');
-    expect(alert.textContent).toContain('Notifications data could not be loaded.');
+    expect(alert.textContent).toContain('无法加载通知数据。');
     expect(alert.textContent).not.toContain('private notification token');
   });
 });

apps/web/src/instances/notifications-module.tsx

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { useEffect, useRef, useState, type ReactNode } from 'react';
 
 import type { InstanceContext } from '../app-shell.js';
+import { displayValue } from '../ui/locale.js';
 
 /** Values permitted at the Notifications presentation boundary. */
 export type NotificationStatus =
@@ -73,7 +74,7 @@ type ReadState =
   | { kind: 'ready'; snapshot: OwnedSnapshot }
   | { kind: 'error'; snapshot?: OwnedSnapshot };
 
-const SAFE_LOAD_ERROR = 'Notifications data could not be loaded.';
+const SAFE_LOAD_ERROR = '无法加载通知数据。';
 const NOTIFICATION_STATUSES = new Set<NotificationStatus>([
   'healthy',
   'degraded',
@@ -139,30 +140,30 @@ export function sanitizeNotificationsSnapshot(value: unknown): NotificationsSnap
 }
 
 const CHANNEL_FIELDS = [
-  ['Status', 'status'],
-  ['Total', 'total'],
-  ['Enabled', 'enabled'],
-  ['Disabled', 'disabled'],
-  ['Healthy', 'healthy'],
-  ['Degraded', 'degraded'],
-  ['Failed', 'failed'],
+  ['状态', 'status'],
+  ['总计', 'total'],
+  ['已启用', 'enabled'],
+  ['已禁用', 'disabled'],
+  ['正常', 'healthy'],
+  ['功能受限', 'degraded'],
+  ['失败', 'failed'],
 ] as const;
 
 const QUEUE_FIELDS = [
-  ['Status', 'status'],
-  ['Total', 'total'],
-  ['Pending', 'pending'],
-  ['Processing', 'processing'],
-  ['Delivered', 'delivered'],
-  ['Failed', 'failed'],
+  ['状态', 'status'],
+  ['总计', 'total'],
+  ['等待中', 'pending'],
+  ['处理中', 'processing'],
+  ['已送达', 'delivered'],
+  ['失败', 'failed'],
 ] as const;
 
 const LOG_FIELDS = [
-  ['Status', 'status'],
-  ['Total', 'total'],
-  ['Info', 'info'],
-  ['Warning', 'warning'],
-  ['Error', 'error'],
+  ['状态', 'status'],
+  ['总计', 'total'],
+  ['信息', 'info'],
+  ['警告', 'warning'],
+  ['错误', 'error'],
 ] as const;
 
 function Section({ label, children }: { label: string; children: ReactNode }) {
@@ -183,7 +184,7 @@ function AggregateFields({
 }) {
   // Constant-key projection is the security boundary: never enumerate or spread source objects.
   const supplied = fields.filter(([, key]) => aggregate[key] !== undefined);
-  if (!supplied.length) return <p>No aggregate status was supplied.</p>;
+  if (!supplied.length) return <p>未提供汇总状态。</p>;
 
   return (
     <dl>
@@ -192,7 +193,7 @@ function AggregateFields({
         return (
           <div key={key}>
             <dt>{label}</dt>
-            <dd>{value == null ? 'Unavailable' : String(value)}</dd>
+            <dd>{displayValue(value)}</dd>
           </div>
         );
       })}
@@ -203,16 +204,16 @@ function AggregateFields({
 function SnapshotView({ snapshot }: { snapshot: NotificationsSnapshot }) {
   return (
     <>
-      {snapshot.observedAt ? <p>Observed {snapshot.observedAt}</p> : null}
-      <p>Aggregate counts and status only; notification details and contents are excluded.</p>
+      {snapshot.observedAt ? <p>观测时间：{snapshot.observedAt}</p> : null}
+      <p>仅显示汇总计数和状态；不包含通知详情和内容。</p>
       <div className="notifications-grid">
-        <Section label="Channel aggregate">
+        <Section label="渠道汇总">
           <AggregateFields aggregate={snapshot.channels} fields={CHANNEL_FIELDS} />
         </Section>
-        <Section label="Queue aggregate">
+        <Section label="队列汇总">
           <AggregateFields aggregate={snapshot.queue} fields={QUEUE_FIELDS} />
         </Section>
-        <Section label="Log aggregate">
+        <Section label="日志汇总">
           <AggregateFields aggregate={snapshot.logs} fields={LOG_FIELDS} />
         </Section>
       </div>
@@ -282,16 +283,15 @@ export function NotificationsModule({
   if (instance.authentication !== 'authenticated') {
     return (
       <div className="state-panel state-error" role="alert">
-        Authentication is required before Notifications data can be read for this instance.
+        需要先完成认证，才能读取通知数据。
       </div>
     );
   }
 
   if (!dataSource) {
     return (
-      <div className="state-panel" role="status" aria-label="Notifications unavailable">
-        No safe Notifications read data source is available. This console will not invent or call an
-        uncontracted production endpoint.
+      <div className="state-panel" role="status" aria-label="通知不可用">
+        没有可用的安全通知只读数据源。此控制台不会臆造或调用未签订契约的生产端点。
       </div>
     );
   }
@@ -301,8 +301,8 @@ export function NotificationsModule({
 
   if ((state.kind === 'idle' || state.kind === 'loading') && !snapshot) {
     return (
-      <p role="status" aria-label="Notifications loading status">
-        Loading Notifications…
+      <p role="status" aria-label="通知加载状态">
+        正在加载通知数据…
       </p>
     );
   }
@@ -310,9 +310,9 @@ export function NotificationsModule({
   if (state.kind === 'error' && !snapshot) {
     return (
       <div className="state-panel state-error" role="alert">
-        <p>Unable to load Notifications: {SAFE_LOAD_ERROR}</p>
+        <p>无法加载通知数据： {SAFE_LOAD_ERROR}</p>
         <button type="button" onClick={() => setRetry((value) => value + 1)}>
-          Retry loading Notifications
+          重试加载通知数据
         </button>
       </div>
     );
@@ -322,19 +322,18 @@ export function NotificationsModule({
 
   return (
     <div className="notifications-module">
-      {state.kind === 'loading' ? <p role="status">Refreshing Notifications…</p> : null}
+      {state.kind === 'loading' ? <p role="status">正在刷新通知数据…</p> : null}
       {state.kind === 'error' ? (
         <div className="state-panel state-error" role="alert">
-          <p>Refresh failed; showing the last known Notifications data.</p>
+          <p>刷新失败，正在显示上次已知的通知数据。</p>
           <button type="button" onClick={() => setRetry((value) => value + 1)}>
-            Retry loading Notifications
+            重试加载通知数据
           </button>
         </div>
       ) : null}
       {instance.freshness !== 'fresh' ? (
-        <p className="state-panel" role="status" aria-label="Notifications freshness">
-          Notifications data is {instance.freshness}; verify freshness before relying on these
-          values.
+        <p className="state-panel" role="status" aria-label="通知数据时效性">
+          通知数据可能已过期；使用这些值前请先核实数据新鲜度。
         </p>
       ) : null}
       <SnapshotView snapshot={snapshot.value} />

apps/web/src/instances/ota-module.test.tsx

@@ -42,15 +42,15 @@ describe('isolated safe OTA read module', () => {
     const pending = deferredSource();
     render(<OtaModule instance={owner} dataSource={pending.source} />);
 
-    expect(screen.getByRole('status', { name: 'OTA loading status' })).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.getByRole('status', { name: 'OTA 加载状态' })).toBeTruthy();
     expect(pending.load).toHaveBeenCalledWith('alpha', expect.any(AbortSignal));
     pending.resolve(snapshot);
 
-    const summary = await screen.findByRole('region', { name: 'OTA safe summary' });
+    const summary = await screen.findByRole('region', { name: 'OTA 安全摘要' });
     expect(within(summary).getByText('v2.4.1-build.7')).toBeTruthy();
-    expect(within(summary).getByText('downloading')).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(within(summary).getByText('下载中')).toBeTruthy();
     expect(within(summary).getByText('42%')).toBeTruthy();
-    expect(within(summary).getByText('Available')).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(within(summary).getByText('是')).toBeTruthy();
   });
 
   it('strictly projects safe values and rejects URLs, proxy prefixes, notes, logs, and file paths', async () => {
@@ -67,8 +67,8 @@ describe('isolated safe OTA read module', () => {
     } as unknown as OtaSnapshot;
     render(<OtaModule instance={owner} dataSource={{ load: async () => unsafe }} />);
 
-    const summary = await screen.findByRole('region', { name: 'OTA safe summary' });
-    expect(within(summary).getAllByText('Unavailable')).toHaveLength(2);
+    const summary = await screen.findByRole('region', { name: 'OTA 安全摘要' });
+    expect(within(summary).getAllByText('不可用')).toHaveLength(2);
     expect(document.body.textContent).not.toMatch(
       /private\.example|admin\/ota|api\/proxy|private release notes|private raw OTA log|var\/lib|tmp\/private/i,
     );
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ describe('isolated safe OTA read module', () => {
   it('offers no endpoint or apply, cancel, or upload operations', async () => {
     render(<OtaModule instance={owner} dataSource={{ load: async () => snapshot }} />);
     expect(await screen.findByText('v2.4.1-build.7')).toBeTruthy();
-    expect(screen.getByText(/read-only OTA metadata/i)).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.getByText(/只读 OTA 元数据/i)).toBeTruthy();
     expect(screen.queryByText(/endpoint/i)).toBeNull();
     expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: /apply|cancel|upload/i })).toBeNull();
     expect(screen.queryByRole('textbox')).toBeNull();
@@ -88,14 +88,14 @@ describe('isolated safe OTA read module', () => {
   it('fails closed without an injected source or authenticated owner', () => {
     const load = vi.fn<OtaDataSource['load']>().mockResolvedValue(snapshot);
     const { rerender } = render(<OtaModule instance={owner} />);
-    expect(screen.getByRole('status', { name: 'OTA unavailable' }).textContent).toMatch(
-      /no safe OTA read data source.*will not invent.*production endpoint/i,
+    expect(screen.getByRole('status', { name: 'OTA 不可用' }).textContent).toMatch(
+      /没有可用的安全 OTA 只读数据源.*不会臆造.*生产端点/i,
     );
 
     rerender(
       <OtaModule instance={{ ...owner, authentication: 'auth-required' }} dataSource={{ load }} />,
     );
-    expect(screen.getByRole('alert').textContent).toMatch(/authentication is required/i);
+    expect(screen.getByRole('alert').textContent).toMatch(/需要先完成认证/i);
     expect(load).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
   });
 
@@ -132,11 +132,11 @@ describe('isolated safe OTA read module', () => {
 
     rerender(<OtaModule instance={owner} dataSource={source} refreshSignal={1} />);
     const alert = await screen.findByRole('alert');
-    expect(alert.textContent).toMatch(/refresh failed; showing the last known OTA data/i);
+    expect(alert.textContent).toMatch(/刷新失败，正在显示上次已知的 OTA 数据/i);
     expect(alert.textContent).not.toMatch(/secret URL|var\/private/i);
     expect(screen.getByText('v2.4.1-build.7')).toBeTruthy();
 
-    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Retry loading OTA data' }));
+    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '重试加载 OTA 数据' }));
     expect(await screen.findByText('v2.4.2')).toBeTruthy();
   });
 
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ describe('isolated safe OTA read module', () => {
       />,
     );
     const alert = await screen.findByRole('alert');
-    expect(alert.textContent).toContain('OTA data could not be loaded.');
+    expect(alert.textContent).toContain('无法加载 OTA 数据。');
     expect(alert.textContent).not.toContain('private release URL');
   });
 
@@ -160,13 +160,13 @@ describe('isolated safe OTA read module', () => {
         dataSource={{ load: async () => ({ currentVersion: opaque }) }}
       />,
     );
-    let summary = await screen.findByRole('region', { name: 'OTA safe summary' });
-    expect(within(summary).getAllByText('Unavailable')).toHaveLength(4);
+    let summary = await screen.findByRole('region', { name: 'OTA 安全摘要' });
+    expect(within(summary).getAllByText('不可用')).toHaveLength(4);
     expect(document.body.textContent).not.toContain(opaque);
     rerender(
       <OtaModule instance={owner} dataSource={{ load: async () => null }} refreshSignal={1} />,
     );
-    summary = await screen.findByRole('region', { name: 'OTA safe summary' });
-    expect(within(summary).getAllByText('Unavailable')).toHaveLength(4);
+    summary = await screen.findByRole('region', { name: 'OTA 安全摘要' });
+    expect(within(summary).getAllByText('不可用')).toHaveLength(4);
   });
 });

apps/web/src/instances/ota-module.tsx

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 
 import type { InstanceContext } from '../app-shell.js';
+import { displayValue } from '../ui/locale.js';
 
 export type OtaStatus =
   | 'idle'
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ type ReadState =
   | { kind: 'ready'; ownerId: string; snapshot: SafeOtaSnapshot }
   | { kind: 'error'; ownerId: string; snapshot?: SafeOtaSnapshot };
 
-const SAFE_LOAD_ERROR = 'OTA data could not be loaded.';
+const SAFE_LOAD_ERROR = '无法加载 OTA 数据。';
 const OTA_STATUSES = new Set<OtaStatus>([
   'idle',
   'checking',
@@ -107,40 +108,32 @@ function sanitizeSnapshot(value: unknown): SafeOtaSnapshot {
 }
 
 function display(value: string | undefined): string {
-  return value ?? 'Unavailable';
+  return displayValue(value);
 }
 
 function SnapshotView({ snapshot }: { snapshot: SafeOtaSnapshot }) {
   return (
-    <section className="ota-card" aria-label="OTA safe summary">
-      <h2>OTA safe summary</h2>
-      <p>Read-only OTA metadata: update operations and source-specific details are excluded.</p>
+    <section className="ota-card" aria-label="OTA 安全摘要">
+      <h2>OTA 安全摘要</h2>
+      <p>仅显示只读 OTA 元数据；不包含更新操作和来源特定详情。</p>
       <dl>
         <div>
-          <dt>Current version</dt>
+          <dt>当前版本</dt>
           <dd>{display(snapshot.currentVersion)}</dd>
         </div>
         <div>
-          <dt>Status</dt>
+          <dt>状态</dt>
           <dd>{display(snapshot.status)}</dd>
         </div>
         <div>
-          <dt>Progress</dt>
+          <dt>进度</dt>
           <dd>
-            {snapshot.progressPercent === undefined
-              ? 'Unavailable'
-              : `${snapshot.progressPercent}%`}
+            {snapshot.progressPercent === undefined ? '不可用' : `${snapshot.progressPercent}%`}
           </dd>
         </div>
         <div>
-          <dt>Update availability</dt>
-          <dd>
-            {snapshot.updateAvailable === undefined
-              ? 'Unavailable'
-              : snapshot.updateAvailable
-                ? 'Available'
-                : 'No update available'}
-          </dd>
+          <dt>更新可用性</dt>
+          <dd>{displayValue(snapshot.updateAvailable)}</dd>
         </div>
       </dl>
     </section>
@@ -204,16 +197,15 @@ export function OtaModule({ instance, dataSource, refreshSignal }: OtaModuleProp
   if (instance.authentication !== 'authenticated') {
     return (
       <div className="state-panel state-error" role="alert">
-        Authentication is required before OTA data can be read for this instance.
+        需要先完成认证，才能读取 OTA 数据。
       </div>
     );
   }
 
   if (!dataSource) {
     return (
-      <div className="state-panel" role="status" aria-label="OTA unavailable">
-        No safe OTA read data source is available. This console will not invent or call an
-        uncontracted production endpoint.
+      <div className="state-panel" role="status" aria-label="OTA 不可用">
+        没有可用的安全 OTA 只读数据源。此控制台不会臆造或调用未签订契约的生产端点。
       </div>
     );
   }
@@ -225,8 +217,8 @@ export function OtaModule({ instance, dataSource, refreshSignal }: OtaModuleProp
 
   if ((state.kind === 'idle' || state.kind === 'loading') && !retained) {
     return (
-      <p role="status" aria-label="OTA loading status">
-        Loading OTA data…
+      <p role="status" aria-label="OTA 加载状态">
+        正在加载 OTA 数据…
       </p>
     );
   }
@@ -234,9 +226,9 @@ export function OtaModule({ instance, dataSource, refreshSignal }: OtaModuleProp
   if (state.kind === 'error' && !retained) {
     return (
       <div className="state-panel state-error" role="alert">
-        <p>Unable to load OTA data: {SAFE_LOAD_ERROR}</p>
+        <p>无法加载 OTA 数据： {SAFE_LOAD_ERROR}</p>
         <button type="button" onClick={() => setRetry((value) => value + 1)}>
-          Retry loading OTA data
+          重试加载 OTA 数据
         </button>
       </div>
     );
@@ -248,18 +240,18 @@ export function OtaModule({ instance, dataSource, refreshSignal }: OtaModuleProp
 
   return (
     <div className="ota-module">
-      {state.kind === 'loading' ? <p role="status">Refreshing OTA data…</p> : null}
+      {state.kind === 'loading' ? <p role="status">正在刷新 OTA 数据…</p> : null}
       {state.kind === 'error' ? (
         <div className="state-panel state-error" role="alert">
-          <p>Refresh failed; showing the last known OTA data.</p>
+          <p>刷新失败，正在显示上次已知的 OTA 数据。</p>
           <button type="button" onClick={() => setRetry((value) => value + 1)}>
-            Retry loading OTA data
+            重试加载 OTA 数据
           </button>
         </div>
       ) : null}
       {instance.freshness !== 'fresh' ? (
-        <p className="state-panel" role="status" aria-label="OTA freshness">
-          OTA data is {instance.freshness}; verify freshness before relying on these values.
+        <p className="state-panel" role="status" aria-label="OTA 数据时效性">
+          OTA 数据可能已过期；使用这些值前请先核实数据新鲜度。
         </p>
       ) : null}
       <SnapshotView snapshot={snapshot} />

apps/web/src/instances/overview-system.test.tsx

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ const owner: InstanceContext = {
   authentication: 'authenticated',
   freshness: 'fresh',
 };
-const overviewCapability: InstanceCapabilityMap = {
+const overviewCapabilities: InstanceCapabilityMap = {
   overview: { state: 'supported' },
 };
 const snapshot: OverviewSnapshot = {
@@ -61,26 +61,51 @@ describe('Phase 6.1 Overview / System read slice', () => {
       <AppShell
         pathname="/instances/alpha/overview"
         instance={owner}
-        capabilities={overviewCapability}
+        capabilities={overviewCapabilities}
         overviewDataSource={pending.source}
       />,
     );
 
-    expect(screen.getByRole('status', { name: 'Overview loading status' }).textContent).toContain(
-      'Loading overview',
+    expect(screen.getByRole('status', { name: '概览加载状态' }).textContent).toContain(
+      '正在加载概览',
     );
     expect(pending.load).toHaveBeenCalledWith('alpha', expect.any(AbortSignal));
     pending.resolve(snapshot);
 
-    for (const heading of ['Device', 'SIM', 'Network', 'Statistics', 'CPU', 'Connectivity']) {
+    for (const heading of ['设备', 'SIM', '网络', '统计', 'CPU', '连接状态']) {
       expect(await screen.findByRole('heading', { name: heading })).toBeTruthy();
     }
-    expect(
-      within(screen.getByRole('region', { name: 'Device' })).getByText('SIMBox 8'),
-    ).toBeTruthy();
-    expect(screen.getByText(/Observed 2026-07-17T10:00:00Z/)).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(within(screen.getByRole('region', { name: '设备' })).getByText('SIMBox 8')).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.getByText(/观测时间：2026-07-17T10:00:00Z/)).toBeTruthy();
     expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: /restart/i })).toBeNull();
-    expect(screen.getByText(/Restart is unavailable.*R3/i)).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(screen.getByText(/重启不可用.*R3/i)).toBeTruthy();
+  });
+
+  it('translates only known field names and values while preserving unknown safe data', async () => {
+    render(
+      <OverviewSystemPage
+        instance={owner}
+        dataSource={{
+          load: async () => ({
+            ...snapshot,
+            device: { Model: 'SIMBox 8', Enabled: true, Mystery: 'vendor-value' },
+            network: { Registration: 'registered' },
+            connectivity: { State: 'connected' },
+          }),
+        }}
+      />,
+    );
+
+    const device = await screen.findByRole('region', { name: '设备' });
+    expect(within(device).getByText('型号')).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(within(device).getByText('Enabled')).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(within(device).getByText('是')).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(within(device).getByText('Mystery')).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(within(device).getByText('vendor-value')).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(within(screen.getByRole('region', { name: '网络' })).getByText('已注册')).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(
+      within(screen.getByRole('region', { name: '连接状态' })).getByText('已连接'),
+    ).toBeTruthy();
   });
 
   it('is honest when no safe read source is injected and never attempts a production endpoint', () => {
@@ -88,11 +113,11 @@ describe('Phase 6.1 Overview / System read slice', () => {
       <AppShell
         pathname="/instances/alpha/overview"
         instance={owner}
-        capabilities={overviewCapability}
+        capabilities={overviewCapabilities}
       />,
     );
-    expect(screen.getByRole('status', { name: 'Overview unavailable' }).textContent).toMatch(
-      /no safe overview read data source/i,
+    expect(screen.getByRole('status', { name: '概览不可用' }).textContent).toMatch(
+      /没有可用的安全概览只读数据源/i,
     );
     expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: /restart/i })).toBeNull();
   });
@@ -114,7 +139,7 @@ describe('Phase 6.1 Overview / System read slice', () => {
         dataSource={{ load }}
       />,
     );
-    expect(screen.getByRole('alert').textContent).toMatch(/authentication is required/i);
+    expect(screen.getByRole('alert').textContent).toMatch(/需要先完成认证/i);
     expect(screen.queryByText('SIMBox 8')).toBeNull();
     expect(load).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
   });
@@ -126,8 +151,8 @@ describe('Phase 6.1 Overview / System read slice', () => {
         dataSource={{ load: async () => snapshot }}
       />,
     );
-    expect((await screen.findByRole('status', { name: 'Overview freshness' })).textContent).toMatch(
-      /stale/i,
+    expect((await screen.findByRole('status', { name: '概览数据新鲜度' })).textContent).toMatch(
+      /可能已过期/i,
     );
     expect(screen.getByText('SIMBox 8')).toBeTruthy();
   });
@@ -140,10 +165,8 @@ describe('Phase 6.1 Overview / System read slice', () => {
       .mockResolvedValueOnce(snapshot);
     render(<OverviewSystemPage instance={owner} dataSource={{ load }} />);
 
-    expect((await screen.findByRole('alert')).textContent).toContain(
-      'Overview data could not be loaded.',
-    );
-    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Retry loading overview' }));
+    expect((await screen.findByRole('alert')).textContent).toContain('无法加载概览数据。');
+    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '重试加载概览' }));
     expect(await screen.findByText('SIMBox 8')).toBeTruthy();
     expect(load).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
   });

apps/web/src/instances/overview-system.tsx

@@ -34,14 +34,53 @@ type ReadState =
   | { kind: 'error'; message: string; snapshot?: OverviewSnapshot };
 
 const SECTIONS = [
-  ['device', 'Device'],
+  ['device', '设备'],
   ['sim', 'SIM'],
-  ['network', 'Network'],
-  ['stats', 'Statistics'],
+  ['network', '网络'],
+  ['stats', '统计'],
   ['cpu', 'CPU'],
-  ['connectivity', 'Connectivity'],
+  ['connectivity', '连接状态'],
 ] as const;
 
+const FIELD_LABELS: Readonly<Record<string, string>> = {
+  Model: '型号',
+  Uptime: '运行时间',
+  Slots: '卡槽数',
+  Active: '活跃数',
+  Operator: '运营商',
+  Registration: '注册状态',
+  'Messages today': '今日消息数',
+  Calls: '通话数',
+  Usage: '使用率',
+  Temperature: '温度',
+  State: '状态',
+  Latency: '延迟',
+};
+
+const ENUM_LABELS: Readonly<Record<string, string>> = {
+  connected: '已连接',
+  disconnected: '未连接',
+  connecting: '正在连接',
+  registered: '已注册',
+  unregistered: '未注册',
+  searching: '正在搜索',
+  roaming: '漫游中',
+  online: '在线',
+  offline: '离线',
+  unknown: '未知',
+};
+
+function displayFieldLabel(key: string): string {
+  return FIELD_LABELS[key] ?? key;
+}
+
+function displayFieldValue(value: OverviewFieldValue): string {
+  if (value == null) return '不可用';
+  if (typeof value === 'boolean') return value ? '是' : '否';
+  if (typeof value === 'string') return ENUM_LABELS[value.toLocaleLowerCase()] ?? value;
+  return String(value);
+}
+
 function StructuredSection({ label, values }: { label: string; values: OverviewSection }) {
   const entries = Object.entries(values);
   return (
@@ -51,13 +90,13 @@ function StructuredSection({ label, values }: { label: string; values: OverviewS
         <dl>
           {entries.map(([key, value]) => (
             <div key={key}>
-              <dt>{key}</dt>
-              <dd>{value == null ? 'Unavailable' : String(value)}</dd>
+              <dt>{displayFieldLabel(key)}</dt>
+              <dd>{displayFieldValue(value)}</dd>
             </div>
           ))}
         </dl>
       ) : (
-        <p>No {label.toLocaleLowerCase()} data was supplied.</p>
+        <p>未提供{label}数据。</p>
       )}
     </section>
   );
@@ -103,7 +142,7 @@ export function OverviewSystemPage({
         if (request === requestOwner.current && !controller.signal.aborted)
           setState((current) => ({
             kind: 'error',
-            message: 'Overview data could not be loaded.',
+            message: '无法加载概览数据。',
             ...(current.kind === 'loading' && current.snapshot
               ? { snapshot: current.snapshot }
               : {}),
@@ -116,15 +155,14 @@ export function OverviewSystemPage({
   if (instance.authentication === 'auth-required')
     return (
       <div className="state-panel state-error" role="alert">
-        Authentication is required before overview data can be read for this instance.
+        需要先完成认证，才能读取概览数据。
       </div>
     );
 
   if (!dataSource)
     return (
-      <div className="state-panel" role="status" aria-label="Overview unavailable">
-        No safe overview read data source is available. This console will not invent or call an
-        uncontracted production endpoint.
+      <div className="state-panel" role="status" aria-label="概览不可用">
+        没有可用的安全概览只读数据源。此控制台不会臆造或调用未签订契约的生产端点。
       </div>
     );
 
@@ -133,17 +171,17 @@ export function OverviewSystemPage({
 
   if ((state.kind === 'loading' || state.kind === 'idle') && !retainedSnapshot)
     return (
-      <p role="status" aria-label="Overview loading status">
-        Loading overview…
+      <p role="status" aria-label="概览加载状态">
+        正在加载概览…
       </p>
     );
 
   if (state.kind === 'error' && !state.snapshot)
     return (
       <div className="state-panel state-error" role="alert">
-        <p>Unable to load overview: {state.message}</p>
+        <p>无法加载概览： {state.message}</p>
         <button type="button" onClick={() => setRetry((value) => value + 1)}>
-          Retry loading overview
+          重试加载概览
         </button>
       </div>
     );
@@ -153,32 +191,29 @@ export function OverviewSystemPage({
 
   return (
     <div className="overview-system">
-      {state.kind === 'loading' ? <p role="status">Refreshing overview…</p> : null}
+      {state.kind === 'loading' ? <p role="status">正在刷新概览…</p> : null}
       {state.kind === 'error' ? (
         <div className="state-panel state-error" role="alert">
-          <p>Refresh failed; showing the last known overview.</p>
+          <p>刷新失败，正在显示上次已知的概览数据。</p>
           <button type="button" onClick={() => setRetry((value) => value + 1)}>
-            Retry loading overview
+            重试加载概览
           </button>
         </div>
       ) : null}
       {instance.freshness !== 'fresh' ? (
-        <p className="state-panel" role="status" aria-label="Overview freshness">
-          Overview data is {instance.freshness}; verify freshness before relying on these values.
+        <p className="state-panel" role="status" aria-label="概览数据新鲜度">
+          概览数据可能已过期；使用这些值前请先核实数据新鲜度。
         </p>
       ) : null}
-      {snapshot.observedAt ? <p>Observed {snapshot.observedAt}</p> : null}
+      {snapshot.observedAt ? <p>观测时间：{snapshot.observedAt}</p> : null}
       <div className="overview-grid">
         {SECTIONS.map(([key, label]) => (
           <StructuredSection key={key} label={label} values={snapshot[key]} />
         ))}
       </div>
-      <section className="state-panel" aria-label="System actions">
-        <h2>System actions</h2>
-        <p>
-          Restart is unavailable because the backend R3 restart operation is not implemented. No
-          action is offered.
-        </p>
+      <section className="state-panel" aria-label="系统操作">
+        <h2>系统操作</h2>
+        <p>重启不可用，因为后端尚未实现 R3 重启操作，因此不提供任何操作。</p>
       </section>
     </div>
   );